The role of Resilience between Workplace Bullying and Health: A Mediational Analysis

  1. Mariano Meseguer-de-Pedro
  2. Mariano García-Izquierdo
  3. María Magdalena Fernández-Valera
  4. María Isabel Soler-Sánchez
Revista:
Revista de psicología del trabajo y de las organizaciones = Journal of work and organizational psychology

ISSN: 1576-5962

Ano de publicación: 2019

Volume: 35

Número: 3

Páxinas: 177-182

Tipo: Artigo

DOI: 10.5093/JWOP2019A16 DIALNET GOOGLE SCHOLAR lock_openAcceso aberto editor

Outras publicacións en: Revista de psicología del trabajo y de las organizaciones = Journal of work and organizational psychology

Obxectivos de Desenvolvemento Sustentable

Resumo

Las situaciones de acoso laboral son altamente estresantes y afectan negativamente a la salud de los trabajadores que las perciben. La resiliencia se ha identificado como una capacidad esencial para la protección de la salud de las personas. Este trabajo se centra en cómo actúa la resiliencia en las situaciones de acoso laboral, mediante el análisis de las relaciones y del papel mediador-moderador de la resiliencia entre el acoso laboral y la salud en una muestra de 762 trabajadores españoles. A través de cuestionarios se recogió información sobre conductas de acoso laboral y se evalúo la resiliencia yla salud psicológica autopercibida. Los resultados obtenidos muestran que la exposición a conductas de acoso se relaciona con peor salud y que la resiliencia tiene un efecto mediador y no moderador entre el acoso laboral y la salud de los trabajadores. Se discuten los principales hallazgos de esta investigación, las limitaciones y sus implicaciones prácticas. Los resultados obtenidos pueden servir de ayuda a los directivos y profesionales de recursos humanos a la hora de diseñarprogramas que vayan dirigidos tanto al control y prevención de la violencia en las organizaciones como a desarrollar la resiliencia en los trabajadores.

Información de financiamento

This work was supported by The Department of Industry, Tourism, Enterprise, and Innovation of the Region of Murcia, which supported this research through the Fundaci?n S?neca (Science and Technology Agency of the Region of Murcia), by means of a fund from the Programa S?neca under PhD training contracts for Research Staff. Correspondence: marianom@um.es (M. Meseguer-de-Pedro).

Financiadores

Referencias bibliográficas

  • Ablett, J. R., & Jones, R. S. P. (2007). Resilience and well-being in palliative care staff: A qualitative study of hospice nurses´ experience of work. Psycho-Oncology, 16, 733-740. https://doi.org/10.1002/pon.1130
  • American Psychological Association – APA. (2011). The road to resilience. Retrieved from http://www.nus.edu.sg/uhc/cps/CARE/eCare/vol4_Jan10/ The road to resilience. https://doi.org/10.1017/S0959259810000420
  • Ariza-Montes, J. A., Muniz R, N. M., Leal-Rodríguez, A. L., & Leal-Millán,A. G. (2014). Workplace bullying among managers: a multifactorialperspective and understanding. International Journal of EnvironmentalResearch and Public Health, 11, 2657-2682. https://doi.org/10.3390/ijerph110302657
  • Aspinwall, L. G., & Staudinger, U. M. (2003). A psychology of human strengths: Fundamental questions and future directions for a positive psychology. Washington, DC: American Psychological Association.
  • Baek, H. S., Lee, K. U., Joo, E. J., Lee, M.Y., & Choi, K. S. (2010). Reliabilityand validity of the Korean version of the Connor-Davidson ResilienceScale. Psychiatry Investigation, 7, 109-115. https://doi.org/10.4306/pi.2010.7.2.109
  • Bakker, A. B., & Demerouti, E. (2013). La teoría de las demandas y los recursos laborales. Revista de Psicología del Trabajo y de las Organizaciones, 29, 107-115. https://doi.org/10.5093/tr2013a16
  • Bernabé, M., & Botia, J. M. (2016). Resilience as a mediator in emotional social support’s relationship with occupational psychology health in firefighters. Journal of Health Psychology, 21, 1778-1786. https://doi. org/10.1177/1359105314566258
  • Bowling, N. A., & Beehr, T. A. (2006). Workplace harassment from thevictim’s perspective: A theoretical model and meta-analysis. Journalof Applied Psychology, 91, 998-1012. https://doi.org/10.1037/0021-9010.91.5.99
  • Campbell-Sills, L., & Stein, M. B. (2007). Psychometric analysis and refinement of the Connor-Davidson Resilience Scale (CD-RISC): Validation of a 10-item measure of resilience. Journal of Traumatic Stress, 20, 1019- 1028. https://doi.org/10.1002/jts.20271
  • Cassidy, T., McLaughlin, M., & McDowell, E. (2014). Bullying and health atwork: The mediating roles of psychological capital and social support.Work & Stress, 28, 255-269. https://doi.org/10.1080/02678373.2014.927020
  • Catalano, D., Chan, F., Wilson, L., Chiu, C., & Muller, V. L. (2011). The buffering effects of resilience on depression among individuals with spinal cord injury: A structural equation model. Rehabilitation Psychology, 56, 200-211. https://doi.org/10.1037/a0024571
  • Chappell, D., & Di Martino, V. (2006). Violence at work. Geneva, Switzerland: International Labour Organization.
  • Connor K. M., & Davidson J. R. T. (2003). Development of a new resilience scale: The Connor-Davidson Resilience Scale (CD-RISC). Depression and Anxiety, 18, 76-82. https://doi.org/10.1002/da.10113
  • Crespo, M., Fernández-Lansac, V., & Soberón (2014). Adaptación española de la escala de resiliencia de Connor-Davidson (CD-RISC) en situaciones de estrés crónico. Behavioral Psychology/Psicología Conductual, 22, 219-238. https://doi.org/10.1080/09585192.2017.1406390
  • Einarsen, S., Hoel, H., Zapf, D., & Cooper, C. L. (2003). The concept of bullying at work. In S. Einarsen, H. Hoel, D. Zapf, & C. L. Cooper (Eds.), Bullying and emotional abuse in the workplace: International perspectives in research and practice (pp. 3-30). London, UK: Taylor & Francis.
  • Einarsen, S., Hoel, H., Zapf, D., & Cooper, C. L. (2011). The concept of bullying and harassment at work: The European tradition. Bullying and harassment in the workplace: Developments in theory, research, and practice, 2, 3-40. https://doi.org/10.1201/ebk1439804896-3
  • Einarsen, S., & Nielsen, M. B. (2015). Workplace bullying as an antecedent of mental health problems: a five-year prospective and representative study. International Archives of Occupational and Environmental Health, 88, 131-142. https://doi.org/10.1007/s00420-014-0944-7
  • Einarsen, S., & Raknes, B. I. (1997). Harassment at work and the victimization of men. Violence and Victims, 12, 247-263. https://doi. org/10.1891/0886-6708.12.3.247
  • Einarsen, S., Skogstad, A., Rørvik, E., Lande, Å. B., & Nielsen, M. B. (2018).Climate for conflict management, exposure to workplace bullying andwork engagement: A moderated mediation analysis. The InternationalJournal of Human Resource Management, 29, 1-22. https://doi.org/10.1080/09585192.2016.1164216
  • Eurofound. (2015). Violence and harassment in European workplaces: Causes, impacts and policies. Dublin, Ireland: Author. Friborg, O., Hjemdal, O., Rosenvinge, J. H., Martinussen, M., Aslaksen, P. M., & Flaten, M. A. (2006). Resilience as a moderator of pain and stress. Journal of Psychosomatic Research, 61, 213-219. https://doi. org/10.1016/j.jpsychores.2005.12.007
  • Glambek, M., Skogstad, A., & Einarsen, S. (2015). Take it or leave: A five-yearprospective study of workplace bullying and indicators of expulsion inworking life. Industrial Health, 53, 160-170. https://doi.org/10.2486/indhealth.2014-0195
  • Goldberg, D. P., & Williams, P. (1988). The user’s guide to the General Health Questionnaire. Windsor, UK: NFER-Nelson. Grotberg, E. H. (2002). From terror to triumph: The path to resilience. The Psychology of Terrorism, 1, 185-207.
  • Harris, K. J., Kacmar, K. M., Zivnuska, S., & Shaw, J. D. (2007). The impact of political skill on impression management effectiveness. Journal of Applied Psychology, 92, 278 https://doi.org/10.1037/0021-9010.92.1.278
  • Hayes, A. F. (2013). Introduction to mediation, moderation, and conditional process analysis: A regression-based approach. New York, NY: The Guilford Press.
  • Herrman, H., Stewart, D. E., Díaz-Granados, N., Berger, E. L., Jackson, B., & Yuen, T. (2011). What is resilience? The Canadian Journal of Psychiatry, 56, 258-265. https://doi.org/10.1177/070674371105600504
  • Hershcovis, M. S., & Barling, J. (2010). Comparing victim attributions and outcomes for workplace aggression and sexual harassment. Journal of Applied Psychology, 95, 874-888. https://doi.org/10.1037/a0020070
  • Hershcovis, M. S., Reich, T. C., Parker, S. K., & Bozeman, J. (2012). The relationship between workplace aggression and target deviant behaviour: The moderating roles of power and task interdependence. Work & Stress, 26, 1-20. https://doi.org/10.1080/02678373.2012.660770
  • Hobfoll, S. E. (2001). The influence of culture, community, and the nested-self in the stress process: Advancing conservation of resources theory. Applied Psychology, 50, 337-421. https://doi.org/10.1111/1464-0597.00062
  • Hobfoll, S. E., Johnson, R. J., Ennis, N., & Jackson, A. P. (2003). Resource loss, resource gain, and emotional outcomes among inner city women. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 84, 632-643. https://doi. org/10.1037//0022-3514.84.3.632
  • Jackson, D., Firtko, A., & Edenborough, M. (2007). Personal resilience: A key to surviving and thriving in the face of workplace adversity: A literature review. Journal of Advanced Nursing, 60, 1-9. https://doi. org/10.1111/j.1365-2648.2007.04412.x.
  • King, D. D., Newman, A., & Luthans, F. (2016). Not if, but when we need resilience in the workplace. Journal of Organizational Behavior, 37, 782-786. https://doi.org/10.1002/job.2063
  • Kuntz, J., Connell, P., & Näswall, K. (2017). Workplace resources and employee resilience: The role of regulatory profiles. Career Development International, 22, 419-435. https://doi.org/10.1108/cdi-11-2016-0208
  • Larrabee, J. H., Wu, Y., Persily, C. A., Simoni, P. S., Johnston, P. A., Marcischak, T. L., & Gladden, S. D. (2010). Influence of stress resiliency on RN job satisfaction and intent to stay. Western Journal of Nursing Research, 32, 81-102. https://doi.org/10.1177/0193945909343293
  • Laschinger, H. K. S., & Fida, R. (2015). Linking nurses’ perceptions of patientcare quality to job satisfaction: The role of authentic leadershipand empowering professional practice environments. Journal ofNursing Administration, 45, 276-283. https://doi.org/10.1097/nna.0000000000000198
  • Laschinger, H. K. S., & Nosko, A. (2015). Exposure to workplace bullying and post-traumatic stress disorder symptomology: The role of protective psychological resources. Journal of Nursing Management, 23, 252-262. https://doi.org/10.1111/jonm.12122
  • Loerbroks, A., Weigl, M., Li, J., Glaser, J., Degen, C., & Angerer, P. (2015). Workplace bullying and depressive symptoms: A prospective study among junior physicians in Germany. Journal of Psychosomatic Research, 78, 168-172. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jpsychores.2014.10.008
  • Lokke T., Glaso, L., & Einarsen, S. (2011). Health outcomes and self-labeling as a victim of workplace bullying. Journal of Psychosomatic Research, 70, 37-43. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jpsychores. 2010.06.007
  • Luthans, F. (2002). The need for and meaning of positive organizational behavior. Journal of Organizational Behavior, 23, 695-706. https://doi. org/10.1002/job.165
  • Luthans, F., Vogelgesang, G. R., & Lester, P. B. (2006). Developing the psychological capital of resiliency. Human Resource Development Review, 5, 25-44. https://doi.org/10.1177/1534484305285335
  • Luthar, S. S. (2015). Resilience in development: A synthesis of research across five decades. In: D. Cicchetti, & D. J. Cohen (Eds.), Developmental psychopathology. Volume three: Risk, disorder, and adaptation (pp. 739-795). New York, NY: Wiley.
  • Luthar, S. S., & Becker, B. E. (2002). Privileged but pressured? A study of affluent youth. Child Development, 73, 1593-1610. https://doi. org/10.1111/1467-8624.00492
  • Maddux, J. E. (2016). Self-efficacy. In S. Trusz & P. Babel (Eds.), Interpersonal and intrapersonal expectancies (pp. 41-46). Hove, UK: Psychology Press.
  • Maidaniuc-Chiril , T. (2015a). The mediation role of resilience on the relationship between workplace bullying and Romanian employees’ strain. Revista de Cercetare i Interven ie Social , 48, 120-133.
  • Maidaniuc-Chiril , T. (2015b). Study on workplace bullying exposure among Romanian employees. Gender differences. Psihologia Resurselor Umane, 12(2), 147-158.
  • Mäkikangas, A., & Kinnunen, U. (2003). Psychosocial work stressors and well-being: Self-esteem and optimism as moderators in a one-year longitudinal sample. Personality and Individual Differences, 35, 537-557. https://doi.org/10.1016/S0191-8869(02)00217-9
  • Masten, A. S., & Reed, M.-G. (2002). Resilience in development. In C. R. Snyder & S. J. Lopez (Eds.), The handbook of positive psychology (pp. 74-88). New York, NY: Oxford University Press.
  • Matthiesen S. B., & Einarsen S. (2004). Psychiatric distress and symptomsof PTSD among victims of bullying at work. British Journal GuideConsulting, 32, 335-56. https://doi.org/10.1080/03069880410001723558
  • McCann, C. M., Beddoe, E., McCormick, K., Huggard, P., Kedge, S., Adamson, C., & Huggard, J. (2013). Resilience in the health professions: A review of recent literature. International Journal of Wellbeing, 3, 60-81. https://doi.org/10.5502/ijw.v3i1.4
  • McCarthy, P., Henderson, M., Sheehan, M., & Barker, M. (2002). Workplace bullying: Its management and prevention. In Australian master OHS and environment guide 2003 (pp. 519-549). Sydney, Australia: CCH Australia Limited.
  • McGrath, D.-L. (2012). Interpersonal contact at work: Consequences for wellbeing. The International Journal of Health, Wellness, and Society, 2(1), 33-48. https://doi.org/10.18848/2156-8960/cgp/v02i01/41205
  • Mealer, M., Jones, J., Newman, J., McFann, K. K., Rothbaum, B., & Moss, M. (2012). The presence of resilience is associated with a healthier psychological profile in intensive care unit (icu) nurses: Results of a national survey. International Journal of Nursing Studies, 49, 292-299. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ijnurstu.2011.09.015
  • Meseguer, M., Soler, M. I., & García-Izquierdo, M. (2014). El papel moderador de la autoeficacia profesional entre situaciones de acoso laboral y la salud en una muestra multiocupacional. Anales de Psicología, 30, 573- 578. https://doi.org/10.6018/analesps.30.2.161251
  • Mikkelsen, E. G., & Einarsen, S. (2002). Relationships between exposure to bullying at work and psychological and psychosomatic health complaints: The role of state negative affectivity and generalized selfefficacy. Scandinavian Journal Psychology, 43, 397-405. https://doi. org/10.1111/1467-9450.00307
  • Nielsen, M. B., Magerøy, N., Gjerstad, J., & Einarsen, S. (2014). Workplace bullying and subsequent health problems. Tidsskriffet den Norke Laegeforening, 134, 1233-1238. https://doi.org/10.4045/tidsskr.13.0880
  • Nielsen, M. B., Matthiesen, S. B., & Einarsen, S. (2008). Sense of coherence as a protective mechanism among targets of workplace bullying. Journal of Occupational Health Psychology, 13, 128-136. https://doi. org/10.1037/1076-8998.13.2.128 Pipe, T. B., Buchda, V. L., Launder, S., Hudak, B., Hulvey, L., Karns, K. E., &
  • Pendergast, D. (2012). Building personal and professional resources of resilience and agility in the healthcare workplace. Stress and Health, 28, 11-22. https://doi.org/10.1002/smi.1396
  • Preacher, K. J., & Hayes, A. F. (2008). Asymptotic and resampling strategies for assessing and comparing indirect effects in multiple mediator models. Behavior Research Methods, 40, 879-891. https://doi. org/10.3758/brm.40.3.879
  • Reknes, I., Harris, A., & Einarsen, S. (2018). The role of hardiness in thebullying–mental health relationship. Occupational Medicine, 68, 64-66. https://doi.org/10.1093/occmed/kqx183Richardson, G. E. (2002). The metatheory of resilience and resiliency.Journal Clinical Psychology, 58, 307-321. https://doi.org/10.1002/jclp.10020
  • Rousseau, M. B., Eddleston, K. A., Patel, P. C., & Kellermanns, F. W. (2014). Organizational resources and demands influence on workplace bullying. Journal of Managerial Issues, 26, 286-295.
  • Sánchez-López, M. P., & Dresch, V. (2008). The 12-item General Health Questionnaire (GHQ-12): Reliability, external and factor structure in the Spanish population. Psicothema, 20, 839-843.
  • Sancini, A., Tomei, F., Ciarrocca, M., Di Pastena, C., Rosati, M. V., Di Giorgio, V., … Tomei, G. (2012). Mobbing: A meta-analysis. Prevention & Research, 2, 175-192. https://doi.org/10.7362/2240-2594.031.2012
  • Sauer, P. A. (2013). Does resilience mediate the effects of bullying in nurses? (Doctoral dissertation). University of North Carolina at Greensboro.
  • Schat, A. C., & Frone, M. R. (2011). Exposure to psychological aggression at work and job performance: The mediating role of job attitudes and personal health. Work & Stress, 25, 23-40. https://doi.org/10.1080/02 678373.2011.563133
  • Scheier, M. F., & Carver, C. S. (2018). Dispositional optimism and physical health: A long look back, a quick look forward. American Psychologist, 73, 1082-1096. https://doi.org/10.1037/amp0000384
  • Seligman, M. E. P., & Csikszentmihalyi, M. (2000). Positive psychology: An introduction. American Psychologist, 55, 5-14. https://doi. org/10.1037/0003-066x.55.1.5
  • Sheehan, M., McCabe, T. J., & Garavan, T. N. (2018). Workplace bullying andemployee outcomes: A moderated mediated model. The InternationalJournal of Human Resource Management, 1-38. https://doi.org/10.1080/09585192.2017.1406390
  • Sobel, M. E. (1982). Asymptotic confidence intervals for indirect effects in structural equations models. In S. Leinhart (Ed.), Sociological Methodology 1982 (pp. 290-312). San Francisco, CA: Jossey-Bass.
  • Soler, M. I., Meseguer, M., García-Izquierdo, M., & Hidalgo, M. D. (2010). Validez del cuestionario de conductas de hostigamiento (mobbing) de Einarsen y Raknes en una muestra del sector hortofrutícola. Ansiedad y Estrés, 16, 151-162.
  • Sprigg, C. A., Martin, A., Niven, K., & Armitage, C. J. (2010). Unacceptable behaviour, health and wellbeing at work. A cross-lagged longitudinal study (Report submitted to the IOSH Research Committee, Sheffield).
  • Van den Broeck, A., Sulea, C., Vander Elst, T., Fischmann, G., Iliescu, D., & De Witte, H. (2014). The mediating role of psychological needs in the relation between qualitative job insecurity and counterproductive work behavior. Career Development International, 19, 526-547. https:// doi.org/10.1108/cdi-05-2013-0063
  • Warr, P. (1994). A conceptual framework for the study of work and mental health. Work & Stress, 8, 84-97. https://doi. org/10.1080/02678379408259982
  • White, B., Driver, S., & Warren, A. M. (2010). Resilience and indicatorsof adjustment during rehabilitation from a spinal cord injury.Rehabilitation Psychology, 55(1), 23-32. https://doi.org/10.1037/a0018451
  • Windle, G. (2011). What is resilience? A review and concept analysis.Reviews in Clinical Gerontology, 21, 151-169. https://doi.org/10.1017/S0959259810000420
  • Zapf, D. (1999). Organizational, work group related and personal causes of mobbing/bullying at work. International Journal of Manpower, 20(1), 70-85. https://doi.org/10.1108/01437729910268669
  • Zapf, D., Escartín, J., Einarsen, S., Hoel, H., & Vartia, M. (2011). Empiricalfindings on prevalence and risk groups of bullying in the workplace.Bullying and Harassment in the Workplace: Developments inTheory, Research, and Practice, 2, 75-106. https://doi.org/10.1201/ebk1439804896-6