Género y profesión como moduladores de la modificación de los estereotipos

  1. Vázquez Rodríguez, Carolina
  2. Martínez Martínez, María del Carmen
Journal:
Anales de psicología

ISSN: 0212-9728 1695-2294

Year of publication: 2011

Volume: 27

Issue: 2

Pages: 427-434

Type: Article

More publications in: Anales de psicología

Abstract

This paper presents the results of the research about the influ-ence of two variables such as gender and profession in the modification of stereotypes. Starting from the classical models about modification of stereotypes, conversion and subtype, and studies based on crossed catego-rizations, throughout this research the influence of those factors in the way of how the individual stereotype information is presented, either concentrated or scattered it is analyzed. The stereotype index and the perception of typicality were used as vari-ables for the data analysis. The design of this study is based on a 2 (pro-fession) x 2 (gender) x 2 (style of presentation) model which generates eight experimental conditions. The results of this study show how remark-able are the occupational information and/or the information related to the quality level reached in a specific occupation which is being carried out, in the case of establishing, and consequently modifying, a valued judgement which is going to take place. This factor is more influential than allocating men´s or women´s category to an individual.

Bibliographic References

  • Castano, E. (2002). Protecting the ingroup stereotype: ingroup identification and the management of deviant ingroup members. British Journal of Social Psychology, 41, 365-385.
  • Castano, E., Yzerbyt, V. Y., Bourguignon, D. y Seron, E. (2002). Who may enter? The impact of in group identification on the group out group categorization. Journal of Experimental Social Psychology, 38, 315-322.
  • Eagly, A. H., Wood, W. y Diekman, A. B. (2000). Social role theory of sex differences and similarities. A current appraisal. En T. Eckes y H. M. Trautner (Eds.), The developmental social psychology of gender (pp. 123-174). Mahwah, NJ: Erlbaum.
  • Eberhardt, J. y Fiske, S. (1996). Stereotypes and stereotyping. En N. Macrae, C. Stangor y M. Hewstone (Eds.), Motivating individuals to change: What is a target to do? (pp. 369-402). Nueva York: Guilford.
  • Gurwitz, S. y Dodge, K. (1977). Effects of confirmations and disconfirmations on stereotype-based attributions. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 35(7), 495-500.
  • Hamill, R., Wilson, T. D. y Nisbett, R. E. (1980). Insensitivity to sample bias: Generalizing from atypical cases. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 39, 578-589.
  • Hewstone, M. (1994). Revising and change of stereotypic beliefs: in search of the elusive subtyping model. European Review of Social Psychology, 5, 69-109.
  • Hewstone, M. (1996). Contact and categorization: Social psychological interventions to change intergroup relations. En C. N. Macrae, C. Stangor y M. Hewstone (Eds.), Stereotypes and stereotyping (pp. 323-368). Nueva York: Guilford.
  • Hewstone, M. y Brown, R. (1986). Contact and conflict in intergroup encounters. Oxford: Blackwell.
  • Hewstone, M. y Hamberger, J. (2000). Perceived variability and stereotype change. Journal of Experimental Social Psychology, 36, 103-124.
  • Hewstone, M. y Lord, Ch. (1998). Changing intergroup cognition and intergroup behaviour: The role of typicality. En Sedikides, C., Shopler, J. e Insko, Ch. (Eds.), Intergroup cognition and intergroup behaviour (367-392). Hillsdale: Erlbaum.
  • Hewstone, M., Hassebrauck, M., Wirth, A. y Waenke, M. (2000). Pattern of disconfirming information and processing instructions as determinants of stereotype change. British Journal of Social Psychology, 39(3), 399-411.
  • Hewstone, M., Hassebrauck, M., With, A. y Waenke, M. (1998). Pattern of disconfirming information and processing instructions as determinants of stereotype change. British Journal of Social Psychology.
  • Hewstone, M., Hopkins, N. y Routh, D. (1992). Cognitive models of stereotype change: (1). Generalization and subtyping in young people's views of the police. European Journal of Social Psychology, 22, 219-234.
  • Hewstone, M., Johnston, L. y Aird, P. (1992). Cognitive models of stereotype change: (2). Perceptions of homogeneous and heterogeneous groups. European Journal of Social Psychology, 22, 235-249.
  • Hewstone, M., Johnston, L., Frankish, C. y Macrae, C.N. (1990). Cognitive models of stereotype change: (4). Evidence of subtyping from person-memory paradigms. Papel presentado en la convención de la European Association for Experimental Social Psychology.
  • Hewstone, M., Macrae, C., Griffiths, R., Milne, A. y Brown, R. (1994). Cognitive models of stereotype change: (5). Measurement, development, and consequences of subtyping. Journal of Experimental Social Psychology, 30, 505-526.
  • Hewstone, M., Stroebe, W., Codol, J. P. y Stephenson, G. M. (1993). Introducción a la psicología social. Barcelona: Ariel.
  • Hilton, J. L. y Fein, S. (1989). The role of typical diagnosticitiy in stereotype-based judgements. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 57, 201-211.
  • Hilton, J. y von Hippel, W. (1996). Stereotypes. Annual Reviews, 47, 237-271.
  • Johnston, L. y Coolen, P. (1995). A dual processing approach to stereotype change. Personality and Social Psychology Bulletin, 21(7), 660-673.
  • Johnston, L. y Hewstone, M. (1992). Cognitive models of stereotype change: (3). Subtyping and the perceived typicality of disconfirming group members. Journal of Experimental Social Psychology, 28, 360-386.
  • Johnston, L., Hewstone, M., Pendry, L. y Frankish, C. (1994). Cognitive models of stereotype change: (4). Motivational and cognitive influences. European Journal of Social Psychology, 24, 237-265.
  • Jones, E. E. y Davis, K. E. (1965). From acts to dispositions: the attribution process in person perception. En L. Berkowitz (Ed.), Advances in Experimental Social Psychology (Vol. 2, pp. 219-266). San Diego: Academic.
  • Kunda, Z. y Oleson, K. C. (1995). Maintaining stereotypes in the face of discon-firmation: constructing grounds for subtyping deviants. Journal Personality and Social Psychology, 68, 565-579.
  • Macrae, C. N., Bodenhausen, G. V. y Milne, A. B. (1995). The dissection of selection in person perception: Inhibitory processes in social stereotyping. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 69, 1-11.
  • Maurer, K. L., Park, B. y Rothbart, M. (1995). Subtyping versus subgrouping processes in stereotype representation. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 69, 812-824.
  • Morales, J. (1999). Psicología social. Madrid: McGraw Hill.
  • Morales, J. F. y Moya, M. C. (1996). Tratado de psicología social. Vol. I: Procesos básicos. Madrid: Síntesis
  • Morales, J. y Moya, M.C. (1996). Tratado de Psicología social. (Vol. I). Procesos básicos. Madrid: Síntesis.
  • Morales, J. y Olza, M. (1996). Psicología social y del trabajo social. Madrid: McGraw Hill.
  • Moya, M. (1996). Efectos psicológicos sobre las víctimas del prejuicio. En J. F. Morales y S. Yubero (Eds.), Del prejuicio al racismo: perspectivas psicosociales. Cuenca: Universidad de Castilla La Mancha.
  • Nisbett, R. E., Krantz, D. H., Jepson, C. y Kunda, Z. (1983). The use of statistical heuristics in everyday intuitive reasoning. Psychological Review, 90, 339-363.
  • Oakes, P. J., Haslam, S. A. y Reynolds, K. J. (1999). Social categorization and social context: Is stereotype change a matter of information or of meaning? En D. Abrams (Ed.), Social identity and social categorization (pp. 55-79). Malden, MA: Blackwell.
  • Quattrone, G. A. y Jones, E. E. (1980). The perception of variability within ingroups and out-groups: Implications for the law of small numbers. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 38, 141-152.
  • Queller, S. y Smith, E. (2002). Subtyping versus bookeeping in stereotype learning and change: connectionist simulations and empirical findings. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 82(3), 300-313.
  • Quinn, K. A., Macrae, C. N., & Bodenhausen, G. V. (2003). Stereotyping and impression formation. In M. Hogg & J. Cooper (Eds.), Sage handbook of social psychology (pp. 87-109). Thousand Oaks, CA: Sage Publications.
  • Rothbart, M. (1981). Memory processes and social beliefs. En D. L. Hamilton (Ed.), Cognitive processes in stereotyping and intergroup behavior (pp. 145-181). Hillsdale, Nueva York: Erlbaum.
  • Rothbart, M. y Lewis, S. (1988). Inferring category attributes from exemplar attributes: Geometric shapes and social categories. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 55, 861-872.
  • Sears, D. O. (1983). The person-positivity bias. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 44, 233-240.
  • Sinclair, L. y Kunda, Z. (1999). Reactions to a Black professional: Motivated inhibition and activation of conflicting stereotypes. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 77, 885-904.
  • Stephan, W. y Rosenfield, D. (1982). Racial and ethnic stereotypes. En A. G. Miller (Ed.), In the eye of the beholder (pp. 42-92). Nueva York: Praegar.
  • Tversky, A. (1977). Features of similarity. Psychological Review, 327-352.
  • Weber, R. y Crocker, J. (1983). Cognitive processes in the revision of stereotypic beliefs. Journal Personality and Social Psychology, 45(5), 961-977.
  • Wyer. N. (2004). Not all stereotypic biases are created equal: Evidence for a stereotype-disconfirming bias. Personality and Social Psychology Bulletin, 30(6), 706-720.
  • Yzerbyt, Y. y Schadron, G. (1994). Stereotypes and social judgement. En R. Bourbis, y J. P. Leyens (Eds.), Stereotypes, discrimination, and intergroup relations (pp. 127-160). Bruselas, Bélgica: Mardaga.
  • Zarate, M. A. y Sandoval, P. (1995). The effects of contextual cues on making occupational and gender categorizations. British Journal of Social Psychology, 34, 362-353.