Ecología de sistemas naturales fragmentados en condiciones semiáridas= Ecology of fragmented natural systems under semiarid conditions

Abstract

PhD THESIS ABSTRACT ECOLOGY OF FRAGMENTED NATURAL SYSTEMS UNDER SEMIARID CONDITIONS Introduction and objectives Along the history, Mediterranean areas had suffered the impacts generated by human development growth. This fact has caused a degradation of natural areas. Some of these impacts derived from fragmentation process promoted by urban and agricultural developments. The effects of these have been little studied under semiarid conditions. For that, the aims of this thesis are: i) To know biodiversity in this natural fragments and the effects of urbanizations and agricultural on this. ii) To study the behavior of indicator groups (vegetations and birds) in nets of natural patches with different vegetation physiognomies (forests, shrub woodlands and scrublands). iii) To research about the behavior of seed dispersal mechanisms of Mediterranean fleshy fruits by birds in this systems. iv) To propose management measures to increase biodiversity, the landscape improvement and encouraging passive restoration in these areas. Methods A different methodology has been used according to the chapter of the thesis. In general way, in natural fragment with different flora composition, birds and vegetation have been sampled (density and frequency). With this data, conservation indexes at different level (local, national and European) have been calculated. Also, physical variables as independent factors in the analyses have been obtained. These variables are based on cover measures of different strata, patch physiognomy and landscape variables. Statistical variables were contrasted analyses as Principal Component Analyses (PCA), mixed models or correlation analyses. Also, other news statistical techniques as Partial Least Square Regressions (PLRS) have been used. In the other hand, for seed dispersal experiments, collecting trays to know seed rain in selected perches have been installed. With all, Seed Dispersion Effectiveness could be calculated. Finally, seed dispersion movement has been studied while directed observations of consume, ringing days and faecal collection. Results and Conclusions A different response of birds and vegetation to urban development has been found. Low mobility of flora species makes a greater influence of fragmentation and edge effect in that. For birds, some species (with national or European interest) obtain greater abundances with intermediate degradation levels. So, these species may benefit for intermediate developments. At this respect, the inclusion of buffer areas between urban and natural zones has been proposed. As physiognomy of these fragmented areas, restrictive conditions of semiarid lands reduce the possibility of maintain self-sustaining tree patches. Scrublands or shrub woodlands present better vegetation and bird communities. Furthermore, they are more consistent with the environmental conditions. As for seed dispersal processes, tends to concentrate inside the patch, with few seeds flow to adjacent areas (except garden areas). There is a internal directionality towards trees individuals that may act as perches and nurse plants. So, in the future, this results should be taken into account to improve natural conditions of fragmented Mediterranean areas.