Factores alimentarios moduladores de la inflamación

Abstract

ABSTRACT Introduction Inflammation is a tissue process characterized by a series of molecular, cellular and vascular phenomena with defensive and restorative purpose against physically, chemistry or biological aggressions. Acute physical activity could cause an immune response, which is related to apparition of pro-inflammatory state. However, the practice of regular exercise reduces pro-inflammatory makers. Furthermore, acute exercise increases reactive oxygen species (ROS) production leading to oxidative damage, but at the same time acute exercise is able to enhance endogen antioxidant defences. Some nutrients such as omega 3 fatty acids, vitamins or polyphenols can modulate the oxidative balance and the inflammatory response. In this sense, products of fatty acids oxidation could present anti-inflammatory properties, in fact, lard which is elaborated under oxidation conditions, has been traditionally used treatment against acute inflammatory process. Content of the research The main objective of this doctoral thesis is to evaluate the effects of nutrients and functional foods enriched with essential fatty acids and antioxidants on oxidative stress and inflammation markers associated to acute and regular exercise adaptations. Additionally, to evidence the lard anti-inflammatory properties is also an aim of this doctoral thesis. Studies were performed with athletes from different modalities (football and taekwondo players) and different age (young under 25 years and seniors over 40 years) that consumed an almond and olive oil based functional beverage enriched with docosahexaenoic acid (DHA) and vitamin E during a variable period. Lard anti-inflammatory effects were studied in an animal model, and the lard components responsible of anti-inflammatory effects were tested using human immune cells. Regular training increases uncoupling protein 2 and 3 (UCP-2 and UCP-3) levels, enhancing defences against mitochondria ROS production in peripheral blood mononuclear cells (PBMCs), besides regular exercise causes a change in ROS elimination strategy, from a system based on catalase activity to a system based on glutathione peroxidase activity. Regular exercise causes an increase in prostaglandin E1 (PGE1) plasma levels. An intense and prolonged physical exercise increases oxidative stress markers, but also induces an adaptative response in order to reduce oxidative damage in PBMCs. This kind of exercise increases IL-6 plasma levels in football players, while DHA diet supplementation do not alter plasma cytokine levels. Intense physical exercise increase pro-inflammatory cytokine production at the same time intense exercise increases PGE1, PGE2 and Resolvin D1 (RvD1) production in lipolysacharide (LPS)-stimulated PBMCs. Extenuate physical exercise enhances NFκB activation in PBMCs, and also increases intercellular adhesion molecule 3 (sICAM-3) and sL-Selectin plasma levels. DHA diet supplementation enhances PBMCs and neutrophils antioxidant capabilities and reduces the inflammatory response after LPS or phorbol myristate acetate (PMA) in vitro stimulation. The intake of functional beverage for one month attenuates activation degree of immune cells. Lard (topically or as hydroalcoholic extract) reduces the inflammatory response and, some anti-inflammatory components have been isolated and determined. Conclusion In conclusion, diet supplementation with nutrients rich in omega 3 polyunsaturated fatty acids and antioxidant as polyphenols or vitamin C modulates the inflammatory response and oxidative balance associated to regular training and acute exercise. Lard exerts potent anti-inflammatory effects attributable to different compounds isolated in the hydroalcoholic extract