Can performance indicators and skydiving experience prognosticate competitive state anxiety in elite paratroopers?

  1. Francisco José Borrego Balsalobre 1
  2. Francisco José Ortín Montero 1
  3. Félix Zurita Ortega 2
  4. Arturo Díaz Suárez 1
  5. Vicente Morales Baños 1
  1. 1 Universidad de Murcia
    info

    Universidad de Murcia

    Murcia, España

    ROR https://ror.org/03p3aeb86

  2. 2 Universidad de Granada
    info

    Universidad de Granada

    Granada, España

    ROR https://ror.org/04njjy449

Revue:
Journal of Human Sport and Exercise: JHSE

ISSN: 1988-5202

Année de publication: 2024

Volumen: 19

Número: 1

Pages: 23-36

Type: Article

D'autres publications dans: Journal of Human Sport and Exercise: JHSE

Résumé

Competition has characteristics that position sport as a fruitful field for the study of human affective processes of interest for psychology, such as anxiety, especially in disciplines such as military parachuting due to its uniqueness. This study aimed to analyse the validity of the Spanish version of the CSAI-2R inventory through a reliable model and to determine the interrelation, both among themselves and with anxiety, of certain specific technical variables related to sports performance in parachuting. The questionnaire was supplied to 42 jumpers in the Spanish National Military Championship. The results indicate that a reliable model has been established, but it is necessary to realise a multivariate relationship between components of competitive anxiety and specific variables of military skydiver's sporting experience in competition. It would be appropriate to reflect on what other psychological and technical variables may influence the sporting performance achieved, because it is a modality that has very particular conditions compared to the rest, not only because of the space, environment and form where and how the activity itself is carried out but also because of the context in which it is framed, as a result of the peculiarities that define the group to which the competitors belong.

Références bibliographiques

  • Angosto, S., Salmeron-Banos, L., Ortin-Montero, F. J., Morales-Banos, V., & Borrego-Balsalobre, F. J. (2021). Mood, Burnout, and Dispositional Optimism in Kayak Polo Players During Their Competitive Stage. Front Psychol, 12, 667603, Article 667603. https://doi.org/10.3389/fpsyg.2021.667603
  • Appleby, R., Davis, P., Davis, L., & Gustafsson, H. (2018). Examining Perceptions of Teammates' Burnout and Training Hours in Athlete Burnout. Journal of Clinical Sport Psychology, 12(3), 316-332. https://doi.org/10.1123/jcsp.2017-0037
  • Arruda, A. F. S., Aoki, M. S., Paludo, A. C., & Moreira, A. (2017). Salivary steroid response and competitive anxiety in elite basketball players: Effect of opponent level. Physiology & Behavior, 177, 291-296. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.physbeh.2017.05.017
  • Balyan, K. Y., Tok, S., Tatar, A., Binboga, E., & Balyan, M. (2016). The Relationship Among Personality, Cognitive Anxiety, Somatic Anxiety, Physiological Arousal, and Performance in Male Athletes. Journal of Clinical Sport Psychology, 10(1), 48-58. https://doi.org/10.1123/jcsp.2015-0013
  • Cox, R. H., Martens, M. P., & Russell, W. D. (2003). Measuring anxiety in athletics: The revised competitive state anxiety inventory-2. Journal of Sport & Exercise Psychology, 25(4), 519-533. https://doi.org/10.1123/jsep.25.4.519
  • de Lira, C. A. B., Morais, N. S., Menezes, V. A., Andrade, M. S., Vancini, R. L., Braz, A. G., & Malysz, T. (2021). Identifying mood disorders and health-related quality of life of individuals submitted to mandatory military service. Acta Neuropsychiatrica, 33(1), 9-14, Article Pii s0924270820000290. https://doi.org/10.1017/neu.2020.29
  • Dunn, J. G. H., & Syrotuik, D. G. (2003). An investigation of multidimensional worry dispositions in a high contact sport. Psychology of Sport and Exercise, 4(3), 265-282. https://doi.org/10.1016/s1469-0292(02)00005-5
  • Farrow, D., & Robertson, S. (2017). Development of a Skill Acquisition Periodisation Framework for High-Performance Sport. Sports Medicine, 47(6), 1043-1054. https://doi.org/10.1007/s40279-016-0646-2
  • Fernandes, M. G., Nunes, S. A. N., Vasconcelos-Raposo, J., & Fernandes, H. M. (2013). Factors influencing competitive anxiety in Brazilian athletes [Fatores influenciadores da ansiedade competitiva em atletas Brasileiros]. Revista Brasileira de Cineantropometria & Desempenho Humano, 15(6), 705-714. https://doi.org/10.5007/1980-0037.2013v15n6p705
  • Fernandez, E. M. A., Rio, G. L., & Fernandez, C. A. (2007). Psychometric properties of the Spanish version of the Revised Competitive State Anxiety Inventory-2 with Athletes. Psicothema, 19(1), 150-155.
  • Fletcher, D., Hanton, S., Mellalieu, S. D., & Neil, R. (2012). A conceptual framework of organizational stressors in sport performers. Scandinavian Journal of Medicine & Science in Sports, 22(4), 545-557. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1600-0838.2010.01242.x
  • Forrest, S. J., Siegert, R. J., Krageloh, C. U., Landon, J., & Medvedev, O. N. (2021). Generalizability Theory Distinguishes Between State and Trait Anxiety. Psychological Assessment, 33(11), 1080-1088. https://doi.org/10.1037/pas0001060
  • Gonzalez, S. P., Newton, M., Hannon, J., Smith, T. W., & Detling, N. (2018). Examining the process of psychological resilience in sport: performance, cortisol, and emotional responses to stress and adversity in a field experimental setting. International Journal of Sport Psychology, 49(2), 112-133.
  • Gorsuch, R. L. (1997a). Exploratory factor analysis: Its role in item analysis. Journal of Personality Assessment, 68(3), 532-560. https://doi.org/10.1207/s15327752jpa6803_5
  • Gorsuch, R. L. (1997b). New procedure for extension analysis in exploratory factor analysis. Educational and Psychological Measurement, 57(5), 725-740. https://doi.org/10.1177/0013164497057005001
  • Gould, D., Guinan, D., Greenleaf, C., Medbery, R., & Peterson, K. (1999). Factors affecting Olympic performance: Perceptions of athletes and coaches from more and less successful teams. Sport Psychologist, 13(4), 371-394. https://doi.org/10.1123/tsp.13.4.371
  • Hammermeister, J., & Burton, D. (2001). Stress, appraisal, and coping revisited: Examining the antecedents of competitive state anxiety with endurance athletes. Sport Psychologist, 15(1), 66-90. https://doi.org/10.1123/tsp.15.1.66
  • Jokela, M., & Hanin, Y. L. (1999). Does the individual zones of optimal functioning model discriminate between successful and less successful athletes? A meta-analysis. Journal of Sports Sciences, 17(11), 873-887. https://doi.org/10.1080/026404199365434
  • Jones, E. S., Mullen, R., & Hardy, L. (2019). Measurement and validation of a three factor hierarchical model of competitive anxiety. Psychology of Sport and Exercise, 43, 34-44. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.psychsport.2018.12.011
  • Jones, G. (1995). More than just a game - Research developments and issues in competive anxiety in sport. British Journal of Psychology, 86, 449-478. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.2044-8295.1995.tb02565.x
  • Kemarat, S., Theanthong, A., Yeemin, W., & Suwankan, S. (2022). Personality characteristics and competitive anxiety in individual and team athletes. Plos One, 17(1), Article e0262486. https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0262486
  • Knowles, K. A., & Olatunji, B. O. (2020). Specificity of trait anxiety in anxiety and depression: Meta-analysis of the State-Trait Anxiety Inventory. Clinical Psychology Review, 82, Article 101928. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.cpr.2020.101928
  • Lane, A. M., Bucknall, G., Davis, P. A., & Beedie, C. J. (2012). Emotions and Emotion Regulation Among Novice Military Parachutists. Military Psychology, 24(3), 327-341. https://doi.org/10.1080/08995605.2012.678244
  • Martens, R., & Gill, D. L. (1976). State anxiety among successful and unsuccessful competitors who differ in competitive trait anxiety. Research Quarterly, 47(4), 698-708. https://doi.org/10.1080/10671315.1976.10616731
  • Martens, R., & Simon, J. A. (1976). Comparison of 3 predictors of state anxiety in competitive situations. Research Quarterly, 47(3), 381-387. https://doi.org/10.1080/10671315.1976.10615387
  • Martinent, G., & Ferrand, C. (2007). A cluster analysis of precompetitive anxiety: Relationship with perfectionism and trait anxiety. Personality and Individual Differences, 43(7), 1676-1686. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.paid.2007.05.005
  • Mellalieu, S. D., Hanton, S., & O'Brien, M. (2004). Intensity and direction of competitive anxiety as a function of sport type and experience. Scandinavian Journal of Medicine & Science in Sports, 14(5), 326-334. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1600-0838.2004.00389.x
  • Muse, L. A., Harris, S. G., & Feild, H. S. (2003). Has the inverted-U theory of stress and job performance had a fair test? Human Performance, 16(4), 349-364. https://doi.org/10.1207/s15327043hup1604_2
  • Ong, N. C. H., & Chua, J. H. E. (2021). Effects of psychological interventions on competitive anxiety in sport: A meta-analysis. Psychology of Sport and Exercise, 52, Article 101836. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.psychsport.2020.101836
  • Pons, J., Ramis, Y., Viladrich, C., & Checa, I. (2020). Anxiety levels and coping styles depending on the perceptual-motor skills of the sport. Revista De Psicologia Del Deporte, 29(2), 105-115.
  • Pons, J., Viladrich, C., Ramis, Y., & Polman, R. (2018). The Mediating Role of Coping between Competitive Anxiety and Sport Commitment in Adolescent Athletes. Spanish Journal of Psychology, 21, Article e7. https://doi.org/10.1017/sjp.2018.8
  • Ramis, Y., Torregrosa, M., Viladrich, C., & Cruz, J. (2010). Adaptation and validation of the Spanish version of the Sport Anxiety Scale SAS-2 for young athletes. Psicothema, 22(4), 1004-1009.
  • Rocha, V. V. S., & Osorio, F. D. (2018). Associations between competitive anxiety, athlete characteristics and sport context: evidence from a systematic review and meta-analysis. Archives of Clinical Psychiatry, 45(3), 67-74. https://doi.org/10.1590/0101-60830000000160
  • Sanader, A. A., Petrovic, J. R., Bacanac, L., Ivkovic, I., Petrovic, I., & Knezevic, O. M. (2021). Competitive trait anxiety and general self-esteem of athletes according to the sport type and gender. Primenjena Psihologija, 14(3), 277-307. https://doi.org/10.19090/pp.2021.3.277-307
  • Shih, H. H., & Lin, M. J. (2017). Does Anxiety Affect Adolescent Academic Performance? The Inverted-U Hypothesis Revisited. Journal of Labor Research, 38(1), 45-81. https://doi.org/10.1007/s12122-016-9238-z
  • Tanguy, G., Sagui, E., Fabien, Z., Martin-Krumm, C., Canini, F., & Trousselard, M. (2018). Anxiety and Psycho-Physiological Stress Response to Competitive Sport Exercise. Frontiers in Psychology, 9, Article 1469. https://doi.org/10.3389/fpsyg.2018.01469
  • Tomczak, M., Kleka, P., Walczak, A., Bojkowski, L., Gracz, J., & Walczak, M. (2022). Validation of Sport Anxiety Scale-2 (SAS-2) among Polish athletes and the relationship between anxiety and goal orientation in sport. Scientific Reports, 12(1), Article 12281. https://doi.org/10.1038/s41598-022-16418-6
  • Vermeulen, L., Castellar, E. N., & Van Looy, J. (2014). Challenging the Other: Exploring the Role of Opponent Gender in Digital Game Competition for Female Players. Cyberpsychology Behavior and Social Networking, 17(5), 303-309. https://doi.org/10.1089/cyber.2013.0331
  • Wilczynska, D., Qi, W., Jaenes, J. C., Alarcon, D., Arenilla, M. J., & Lipowski, M. (2022). Burnout and Mental Interventions among Youth Athletes: A Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis of the Studies. International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health, 19(17), Article 10662. https://doi.org/10.3390/ijerph191710662