Orientación a los stakeholders en las universidades públicasuna discusión conceptual y el desarrollo de una escala de medición
- J. Llonch
- C. Casablancas Segura 1
- M. C. Alarcón del Amo
-
1
Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona
info
ISSN: 2444-9695, 2444-9709
Ano de publicación: 2016
Volume: 20
Número: 1
Páxinas: 41-57
Tipo: Artigo
Outras publicacións en: Spanish journal of marketing-ESIC
Resumo
This study, based on stakeholder theory, extends current research on the use of the market orientation construct in non-profit organisations, seeking to develop a new multidimensional scale that better fits the higher education context. More specifically, the main purpose of this research is to develop a stakeholder orientation (SO) scale for public universities. A mail survey was sent to all Spanish public university managers, which resulted in 1420 usable questionnaires. Data were analysed using structural equation modelling to develop the multidimensional construct. The findings confirm the applicability to higher education of this SO scale for focusing public universities towards their stakeholders. This SO scale is a multidimensional construct with five components, namely beneficiary orientation, resource acquisition orientation, peer orientation, environment orientation, and inter-functional coordination. This scale has more meaning for assessing the implementation of the marketing concept in public universities than the traditional market orientation construct.
Referencias bibliográficas
- Álvarez, L.I., Santos, M.L., Vázquez, R., The market orientation concept in the private non-profit organisation domain. International Journal of Nonprofit and Voluntary Sector Marketing 7:1 (2002), 55–67.
- Alves, H., Mainardes, E.W., Raposo, M., A relationship approach to higher education institution stakeholder management. Tertiary Education and Management 16:3 (2010), 159–181.
- American Marketing Association, Definition of marketing. 2013 https://www.ama.org/AboutAMA/Pages/Definition-of-Marketing.aspx Accessed 23.02.15.
- Anderson, E., Gerbing, D.W., Structural equation modelling in practice: A review and recommended two-step approach. Psychological Bulletin 103 (1988), 411–423.
- Akonkwa, D.B.M., Is market orientation a relevant strategy for higher education institutions? Context analysis and research agenda. International Journal of Quality and Service Sciences 1:3 (2009), 311–333.
- Bagozzi, R.P., Yi, Y., On the evaluation of structural equation models. Journal of the Academy of Marketing Science 16:1 (1988), 74–94.
- Barro, F., Stakeholder theory and dynamics in supply chain collaboration. International Journal of Operations & Production Management 29:6 (2009), 591–611.
- Benneworth, P., Jongbloed, B.W., Who matters to universities? A stakeholder perspective on humanities, arts and social sciences valorization. Higher Education 59:5 (2010), 567–588.
- Bentler, P.M., EQS structural equations program manual. 1995, Multivariate Software, Inc., Encino, CA.
- Berbegal-Mirabent, J., Lafuente, E., Solé F., The pursuit of knowledge transfer activities: An efficiency analysis of Spanish universities. Journal of Business Research 66:10 (2013), 2051–2059.
- Bjørkquist, C., Continuity and change in stakeholder influence: Reflections on elaboration of stakeholder regimes. Institute of Education 4:2 (2008), 24–38.
- Caruana, A., Ramaseshan, B., Ewing, M.T., Do universities that are more market orientated perform better?. International Journal of Public Sector Management 11:1 (1998), 55–70.
- Casidy, R., The role of perceived market orientation in the higher education sector. Australasian Marketing Journal 22:2 (2014), 155–163.
- Cervera, A., Sánchez, M., Gil, I., Desarrollo de una escala de orientación al mercado en el ámbito de las administraciones públicas. Revista Española de Investigación de Marketing ESIC 3:2 (1999), 55–81.
- Cervera, A., Schlesinger, M.W., Iniesta, M.A., Sánchez, R., Un enfoque de stakeholders para la configuración de las universidades como centros de formación a lo largo de la vida de los individuos: Aplicación a los egresados. Revista Europea de Dirección y Economía de la Empresa 20:4 (2011), 97–116.
- Churchill, J., A paradigm for developing better measures of marketing constructs. Journal of Marketing Research 16:2 (1979), 64–73.
- Clark, L.A., Watson, D., Constructing validity: Basic issues in objective scale development. Psychological Assessment 7:3 (1995), 309–319.
- Clarkson, M.E., A stakeholder framework for analyzing and evaluating corporate social performance. Academy of Management Review 20:1 (1995), 92–117.
- Coltman, T., Devinney, T.M., Midgley, D.F., Venaik, S., Formative versus reflective measurement models: Two applications of formative measurement. Journal of Business Research 61:12 (2008), 1250–1262.
- Cronbach, L.J., Test validation. Educational Measurement 2 (1971), 443–507.
- Diamantopoulos, A., Siguaw, J.A., Formative versus reflective indicators in organizational measure development: A comparison and empirical illustration. British Journal of Management 17:4 (2006), 263–282.
- Donaldson, T., Preston, L.E., The stakeholder theory of the corporation: Concepts, evidence, and implications. Academy of Management Review 20:1 (1995), 65–91.
- de Luque, M.S., Washburn, N.T., Waldman, D.A., House, R.J., Unrequited profit: How stakeholder and economic values relate to subordinates’ perceptions of leadership and firm performance. Administrative Science Quarterly 53:4 (2008), 626–654.
- Duque-Zuluaga, L.C., Schneider, U., Market orientation and organizational performance in the nonprofit context: Exploring both concepts and the relationship between them. Journal of Nonprofit and Public Sector Marketing 19:2 (2008), 25–47.
- Ferrell, O.C., Gonzalez-Padron, T.L., Hult, G.T.M., Maignan, N.I., From market orientation to stakeholder orientation. Journal of Public Policy and Marketing 29:1 (2010), 93–96.
- Flavián, C., Lozano, F.J., Diseño de una escala para medir la orientación al entorno de la nueva Formación Profesional. Cuadernos de Economía y Dirección de la Empresa 15:May–August (2003), 157–187.
- Flavián, C., Lozano, F.J., Organizational antecedents of market orientation in the public university system. International Journal of Public Sector Management 19:5 (2006), 447–467.
- Freeman, R.E., Strategic management: A stakeholder approach. 1984, Pitman, Boston.
- Freeman, R.E., The politics of stakeholder theory: Some future directions. Business Ethics Quarterly 4 (1994), 409–421.
- Fornell, C., Larcker, D.F., Evaluating structural equations models with unobservable variables and measurement error. Journal of Marketing Research 18 (1981), 39–50.
- Gainer, B., Padanyi, P., The relationship between market-oriented activities and market-oriented culture: Implications for the development of market orientation in nonprofit service organizations. Journal of Business Research 58:6 (2005), 854–862.
- Gallarza, M.G., Gil, I., Desarrollo de una escala multidimensional para medir el valor percibido de una experiencia de servicio. Revista Española de Investigación de Marketing ESIC 10:2 (2006), 25–59.
- Grau, F.X., La universidad pública española: Retos y prioridades en el marco de la crisis del primer decenio del siglo XXI. 2012, Working paper, Universitat Rovira i Virgili. Col.lecció 51.
- Greenley, G.E., Hooley, G.J., Rudd, J.M., Market orientation in a multiple stakeholder orientation context: Implications for marketing capabilities and assets. Journal of Business Research 58 (2005), 1483–1494.
- Hair, J.F., Black, W.C., Babin, B.J., Anderson, R.E., Tatham, R.L., Multivariate data analysis. 2006, Prentice-Hall International, New Jersey.
- Hammond, K.L., Webster, R.L., Harmon, N.H.A., Market orientation, top management emphasis and performance within university schools of business: Implications for universities. Journal of Marketing Theory and Practice 14:1 (2006), 69–85.
- Harman, H.H., Modern factor analysis. 1967, University of Chicago, Chicago.
- Hemsley-Brown, J., Oplatka, I., Market orientation in universities: A comparative study of two national higher education systems. International Journal of Educational Management 24:3 (2010), 204–220.
- Hu, L., Bentler, P.M., Kano, Y., Can test statistics in covariance structure analysis be trusted?. Psychological Bulletin 112 (1992), 351–362.
- Hult, G.T.M., Ketchen, D.J., Slater, S.F., Market orientation and performance: An integration of disparate approaches. Strategic Management Journal 26:12 (2005), 1173–1181.
- Jarvis, C.B., MacKenzie, S.B., Podsakoff, P.M., A critical review of construct indicators and measurement model misspecification in marketing and consumer research. Journal of Consumer Research 30:2 (2003), 199–218.
- Jaworski, B.J., Kohli, A.K., Market orientation: Antecedents and consequences. Journal of Marketing 57:3 (1993), 53–70.
- Jongbloed, B., Enders, J., Salerno, C., Higher education and its communities: Interconnections, interdependencies and research agenda. Higher Education 56 (2008), 303–324.
- Kang, G.D., James, J., Revisiting the concept of a societal orientation: Conceptualization and delineation. Journal of Business Ethics 73:3 (2007), 301–318.
- Kipley, D., Lewis, A.O., Examining the efficacy of the multi-rater analysis methodology as an alternative approach in determining stakeholder power, influence and resistance. Business Renaissance Quarterly 3:4 (2008), 101–124.
- Kohli, A.K., Jaworski, B.J., Market orientation: The construct, research propositions, and managerial implications. Journal of Marketing 54:2 (1990), 1–18.
- Konrad, A.M., Linnehan, F., Formalized HRM structures: Coordinating equal employment opportunity or concealing organizational practice?. Academy of Management Journal 38 (1995), 787–820.
- Kotler, P., A generic concept of marketing. Journal of Marketing 36:2 (1972), 46–54.
- Laczniak, G.R., Murphy, P.E., Stakeholder theory and marketing: Moving from a firm-centric to a societal perspective. Journal of Public Policy and Marketing 31:2 (2012), 284–292.
- Laplume, A.O., Sonpar, K., Litz, R.A., Stakeholder theory: Reviewing a theory that moves us. Journal of Management 34:6 (2008), 1152–1189.
- Liao, M.N., Foreman, S., Sargeant, A., Market versus social orientation in the nonprofit context. International Journal of Nonprofit and Voluntary Sector Marketing 6:3 (2001), 254–268.
- Llinàs-Audet, X., Girotto, M., Sole Parellada, F., University strategic management and the efficacy of the managerial tools: The case of the Spanish universities. Revista de Educacion 355 (2011), 33–54.
- Lovelock, C.H., Rothschild, M.L., Uses, abuses and misuses of marketing in higher education. Marketing in college admission: A broadening of perspectives, 1980, The College Board, New York.
- Ma, J., Todorovic, Z., Making universities relevant: Market orientation as a dynamic capability within institutions of higher learning. Academy of Marketing Studies Journal 15:2 (2011), 1–15.
- Macedo, I.M., Pinho, J.C., The relationship between resource dependence and market orientation: The specific case of non-profit organizations. European Journal of Marketing 40:5/6 (2006), 533–553.
- Maignan, I., Ferrell, O.C., Ferrell, L., A stakeholder model for implementing social responsibility in marketing. European Journal of Marketing 39:9 (2005), 956–1219.
- Maignan, I., Gonzalez-Padron, T.L., Hult, G.T.M., Ferrell, O.C., Stakeholder orientation: Development and testing of a framework for socially responsible marketing. Journal of Strategic Marketing 19:4 (2011), 313–338.
- Mainardes, E.W., Raposo, M., Alves, H., Public university students’ expectations: An empirical study based on the stakeholder theory. Transylvanian Review of Administrative Science 35 (2012), 173–196.
- Mainardes, E.W., Raposo, M., Alves, H., Universities need a market orientation to attract non-traditional stakeholders as new financing sources. Public Organization Review 14:2 (2014), 159–171.
- Mitchell, R.K., Agle, B.R., Wood, D.J., Toward a theory of stakeholder identification and salience: Defining the principle of who and what really counts. Academy of Management Review 22:4 (1997), 853–886.
- Modi, P., Mishra, D., Conceptualising market orientation in non-profit organisations: Definition, performance, and preliminary construction of a scale. Journal of Marketing Management 26:5/6 (2010), 548–569.
- Mora, J.G., Governance and management in the new university. Tertiary Education and Management 7:2 (2001), 95–110.
- Mora, J.-G., Vidal, J., Adequate policies and unintended effects in Spanish higher education. Tertiary Education and Management 6:4 (2000), 247–258.
- Narver, J.C., Slater, S.F., The effect of a market orientation on business profitability. Journal of Marketing 55:4 (1990), 20–35.
- Narver, J.C., Slater, S.F., MacLachlan, D.L., Responsive and proactive market orientation and new-product success. Journal of Production Innovation Management 21 (2004), 334–347.
- Navarro, J.R., Gallardo, F.O., A model of strategic change: Universities and dynamic capabilities. Higher Education Policy 16:2 (2003), 199–212.
- Netemeyer, R.G., Krishnan, B., Pullig, C., Wang, G., Yagci, M., Dean, D., Developing and validating measures of facets of customer-based brand equity. Journal of Business Research 57:2 (2004), 209–224.
- Nunnally, J.C., Bernstein, I.H., Psychometric theory. 1994, McGraw-Hill, New York.
- Nurosis, M.J., SPSS statistical data analysis. 1993, SPSS Inc.
- Parmar, B.L., Freeman, R.E., Harrison, J.S., Wicks, A.C., de Colle, S., Purnell, L., Stakeholder theory: The state of the art. Academy of Management Annals 4:1 (2010), 403–445.
- Pavičić J., Alfirević N., Mihanović Z., Market orientation in managing relationships with multiple constituencies of Croatian higher education. Higher Education 57:2 (2009), 191–207.
- Peña, D., Propuestas para la Reforma de la Universidad Española. 2010, Fundación Alternativas, Madrid.
- Pérez, F., Peiró J.M., El Sistema de Gobierno de la Universidad Española. Meeting: Sistemas de gobierno de las universidades españolas: Situación actual y perspectivas de futuro, UIMP, Consejo de Universidades, September, Santander, Spain, 1999 Available from http://www.uv.es/perezgar/publicaciones/gob-univ.pdf.
- Podsakoff, P.M., Organ, D.W., Self reports in organizational research: Problems and prospects. Journal of Management 12 (1986), 531–544.
- Podsakoff, P.M., MacKenzie, S.B., Lee, J.Y., Podsakoff, N.P., Common method biases in behavioural research: A critical review of the literature and recommended remedies. Journal of Applied Psychology 88:5 (2003), 879–903.
- Rivera-Camino, J., Ayala, V.M., Market orientation at universities. Construct and exploratory validation. Innovar 20:36 (2010), 125–138.
- Rossiter, J.R., The C-OAR-SE procedure for scale development in marketing. International Journal of Research in Marketing 19 (2002), 305–335.
- Russo, A.P., van den Berg, L., Lavanga, M., Toward a sustainable relationship between city and university: A stakeholdership approach. Journal of Planning Education and Research 27:2 (2007), 199–216.
- Salzberger, T., Koller, M., Towards a new paradigm of measurement in marketing. Journal of Business Research 66:9 (2013), 1307–1317.
- Santos-Vijande, M.L., Díaz-Martín, A.M., Suárez-Alvarez, L., del Río-Lanza, A.B., An integrated service recovery system (ISRS) influence on knowledge-intensive business services performance. European Journal of Marketing 47:5/6 (2013), 934–963.
- Sargeant, A., Foreman, S., Liao, M., Operationalizing the marketing concept in the nonprofit sector. Journal of Nonprofit and Public Sector Marketing 10:2 (2002), 41–64.
- Satorra, A., Bentler, P.M., Scaling corrections for chi-square statistics in covariance structure analysis. Proceedings of the American Statistical Association 1 (1988), 308–313.
- Short, J.C., Broberg, J.C., Cogliser, C.C., Brigham, K.H., Construct validation using computer-aided text analysis (CATA): An illustration using entrepreneurial orientation. Organizational Research Methods 13:2 (2010), 320–347.
- Siu, N.Y., Wilson, R.M., Modelling market orientation: An application in the education sector. Journal of Marketing Management 14:4 (1998), 293–323.
- Smirnova, M., Naudé P., Henneberg, S.C., Mouzas, S., Kouchtch, S.P., The impact of market orientation on the development or relational capabilities and performance outcomes: The case of Russian industrial firms. Industrial Marketing Management 40:1 (2011), 44–53.
- Steenkamp, J.B.E.M., Van Trijp, H.C.M., The use of LISREL in validating marketing constructs. International Journal of Research in Marketing 8 (1991), 283–299.
- Sweeney, J., Soutar, G., Consumer perceived value: The development of a multiple item scale. Journal of Retailing 77 (2001), 203–207.
- Voola, R., O'Cass, A., Implementing competitive strategies: The role of responsive and proactive market orientations. European Journal of Marketing 44:1/2 (2010), 245–266.
- Voon, B.H., SERVMO: A measure for service-driven market orientation in higher education. Journal of Marketing for Higher Education 17:2 (2008), 216–237.
- Webster, R.L., Hammond, K.L., Harmon, H.A., A study of market orientation in American Business Schools. Academy of Marketing Studies Journal 10:2 (2006), 9–22.