A psychophysiological approach to fear appeals. Autonomic, subjective and behavioral responses to health promotion messages

  1. González Javier, Francisca 12
  2. Gómez-Amor, Jesús 12
  3. Ordoñana, Juan R. 12
  1. 1 Murcia Institute of Biomedical Research
  2. 2 University of Murcia (Spain)
Revista:
Anales de psicología

ISSN: 0212-9728,  1695-2294

Año de publicación: 2021

Título del ejemplar: Cerebro y conducta: un enfoque neurocientífico/psicofisiológico

Volumen: 37

Número: 3

Páginas: 412-423

Tipo: Artículo

DOI: 10.6018/ANALESPS.483391 DIALNET GOOGLE SCHOLAR lock_openDIGITUM editor

Otras publicaciones en: Anales de psicología

Objetivos de desarrollo sostenible

Resumen

Se diseñó un estudio para analizar los efectos que tienen las apelaciones al miedo sobre las respuestas psicofisiológicas, subjetivas y conductuales en la población diana. Para ello, se presentaron, a 98 mujeres de 49-50 años de edad, tres mensajes sobre el cáncer de mama promoviendo la realización de mamografía regularmente. Los mensajes fueron elaborados de manera similar a los utilizados por los programas de promoción de la salud. Los tres tenían la misma longitud, formato y estructura, pero variaban en determinadas claves que diferenciaban su carácter (Amenaza, Sorpresa y Estándar/control). Durante la exposición a estos mensajes, se registraron, de manera continua, las respuestas psicofisiológicas (frecuencia cardíaca y frecuencia de respuestas electrodérmicas inespecíficas). Después de ver los estímulos, se tomaron medidas de autoinforme y de personalidad (STAI y EPQ-A). Se encontraron respuestas significativas a los mensajes para todas las medidas psicofisiológicas. Independientemente del mensaje presentado, el patrón de respuesta psicofisiológica se relacionó significativamente con la conducta preventiva de detección del cáncer.

Referencias bibliográficas

  • Baldaro, B., Mazzetti, M., Codispoti, M., Tuozzi, G., Bolzani, R., & Trombini, G. (2001). Autonomic reactivity during viewing of an unpleasant film. Perceptual. & Motor Skills, 93, 797-805. https://doi.org/10.2466%2Fpms.2001.93.3.797
  • Bradley, M. M., & Lang, P. J. (2007). Emotion and Motivation. In J. T. Cacioppo, L. G. Tassinary, & G. G. Berntson (Eds.), Handbook of Psychophysiology (3rd ed.) (pp.581-607). Cambridge University Press.
  • Bradley, M. M, & Lang, P. J. (2000). Measuring emotion: behavior, feeling, and physiology. In R. D. Lane, L. Nadel (Eds.), Cognitive Neuroscience of Emotion (pp. 242– 276). Oxford University Press.
  • Bradley, M. M., Codispoti, M., Cuthbert, B. N., & Lang, P. J. (2001). Emotion and motivation I: defensive and appetitive reactions in picture processing. Emotion 1, 3, 276-298. https://doi.org/10.1037/1528-3542.1.3.276
  • Brownley, K. A., Hurwitz, B. E., & Schneiderman, N. (2000). Cardiovascular psychophysiology. In J. T. Cacioppo, L. G. Tassinary, G. G. Berntson (Eds.), Handbook of Psychophysiology (2nd ed.)(pp. 224-264), Cambridge University Press.
  • Carey, R. N., McDermott, D. T., & Sarma, K. M. (2013). The Impact of Threat Appeals on Fear Arousal and Driver Behavior: A Meta-Analysis of Experimental Research 1990-2011. PloS ONE, 8(5), e62821. https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0062821
  • Carrera, P., Muñoz, D., & Caballero, A. (2010). Mixed emotional appeals in emotional and danger control processes. Health Communication, 25, 726-736. https://doi.org/10.1080/10410236.2010.521914
  • Chadwick, A. E., Zoccola, P. M., Figueroa, W. S., & Rabideau, E. M. (2016). Communication and stress: Effects of hope evocation and rumination messages on heart rate, anxiety, and emotions after a stressor. Health Communication, 31(12), 1447-1459. https://doi.org/10.1080/10410236.2015.1079759
  • Chen, L., Yang, X., Fu, L., Liu, X., & Yuan, C. (2019). Using the Extended Parallel Process Model to examine the nature and impact of breast cancer prevention information on mobile-based social media: Content analysis. JMRI mHealth and uHealth, 7(6), e13987. https://doi.org/10.2196/13987
  • Christie, I. C., & Friedman, B. H. (2004). Autonomic specificity of discrete emotion and dimensions of affective space: a multivariate approach. International Journal of Psychophysiology, 51, 143-153. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ijpsycho.2003.08.002
  • Cook, E. W., & Turpin, G. (1997). Differentiating orienting, startle, and defense responses: The role of affect and its implications for psychopathology. In P. J. Lang, R. F. Simons & M. Balaban (Eds.), Attention and orienting: Sensory and motivational processes (pp.137-164). Lawrence Erlbaum Associates.
  • Davydov, D. M., Zech, E., & Luminet, O. (2011). Affective Context of Sadness and Physiological Response Patterns. Journal of Psychophysiology, 25, 67-80. https://doi.org/10.1027/0269-8803/a000031
  • Dillard, J. P. (1994). Rethinkin the study of fear appeals: An emotional perspective. Communication Theory, 4(4), 295-323. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1468-2885.1994.tb00094.x
  • Dillard, J. P., & Nabi, R. L. (2006). The persuasive influence of emotion in cancer prevention and detection messages. Journal of Communication, 56(1), 123–139. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1460-2466.2006.00286.x
  • Doyore, F., Birhanu, Z., Kebede, Y., Dejene, T., & Jara, D. (2013). Are people controlling the danger or fear for condom use as HIV/AIDS preventive message? An evaluative type of study based on extended parallel process model. Journal of AIDS & Clinical Research, 4 (12), 264. https://doi.org/10.4172/2155-6113.1000264
  • Eysenck, H. J., & Eysenck, S. B. G. (1975). Manual of the Eysenck Personality Questionnaire Junior and Adult. Hodder and Stoughton.
  • Fishbein, M., & Ajzen, I. (2010). Predicting and changing behaviour: The reasoned action approach. Psychology Press.
  • Fowles, D. C., Christie, M. J., Edelberg, R., Grings, W. W., Lykken, D. L., & Venables, P. H. (1981). Publication recommendations for electrodermal measurements. Psychophysiology, 18(3), 232-239. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1469-8986.1981.tb03024.x
  • Gore, T., & Campanella, C. (2005). Testing the theoretical design of a health risk message: reexamining the major tenets of the Extended Parallel Process Model. Health Education & Behavior, 32(1), 27-41. https://doi.org/10.1177/1090198104266901
  • Green, E. C., & Witte, K. (2006). Can fear arousal in public health campaigns contribute to the decline of HIV prevalence? Journal of Health Communication, 11(3), 245–259. https://doi.org/10.1080/10810730600613807
  • Gomez, P., Zimmermann, P., Guttormsen-Schär, S., & Danuser, B. (2005). Respiratory responses associated with affective processing of film stimuli. Biological Psychology, 68, 223-235. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.biopsycho.2004.06.003
  • Gross, J. J., Sutton, S. K., & Ketelaar, T., 1998. Relations between affect and personality: Support for the affect-level and affective-reactivity views. Personality and Social Psychology Bulletin, 24, 279-288. https://doi.org/10.1177%2F0146167298243005
  • Hagenaars, M. A., Roelofs, K., & Stins, J. F. (2014). Human freezing in response to affective films. Anxiety, Stress & Coping: An International Journal, 27(1), 27-37. https://doi.org//10.1080/10615806.2013.809420
  • Hale, J. L., & Dillard, J. P. (1995). Fear appeals in health promotion campaigns: too much, too little, or just right?. In E. Maibach, R. L. E. Parrot (Eds.), Designing Health Messages. Approaches from Communication Theory and Public Health Practice (pp.65-80). Sage Publications.
  • Harrison, L. K., Carroll, D., Burns, V. E., Corkill, A. R., Harrison, C. M., Ring, C., & Drayson, M. (2000). Cardiovascular and secretory immunoglobulin: A reactions to humorous, exciting and didactic film presentations. Biological Psychology, 52(2), 113-126. https://doi.org/10.1016/s0301-0511(99)00033-2
  • Keller, S. N., Graham-Austin, C., & McNeill, V. (2017). A theater intervention to promote communication and disclosure of suicidal ideation. Journal of Applied Communication Research, 45(3), 294-312. https://doi.org/10.1080/00909882.2017.1320569
  • Kessels, L. T. E., Ruiter, R. A. C., & Jansma, B. M. (2010). Increased attention but more efficient disengagement: Neuroscientific evidence for defensive processing of threatening health information. Health Psychology, 29(4), 346-354. https://doi.org/10.1037/a0019372
  • Kreibig, S. D., Wilhelm, F. H., Roth, W. T., & Gross, J. J. (2007). Cardiovascular, electrodermal, and respiratory response patterns to fear –and sadness- inducing films. Psychophysiology, 44(5), 787-806. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1469-8986.2007.00550.x
  • Kreibig, S. D. (2010). Autonomic nervous system activity in emotion: A review. Biological Psychology, 84, 394-421. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.biopsycho.2010.03.010
  • Lacey, J.I, & Lacey, B.C. (1970). Some autonomic-central nervous system interrelationship. In P. Black (Ed.), Physiological Correlates of Emotion (pp. 205-227). New York, NY: Academic Press.
  • Lang, P.J., Bradley, M.M., & Cuthbert, B.N. (1997). Motivated attention: affect, activation, and action. In P. J. Lang, R. F. Simons, M. T. Balaban (Eds.), Attention and Orienting: Sensory and Motivational Processes (pp. 97-136). Lawrence Erlbaum Associates.
  • Lang, P. J., Davis, M., & Öhman, A. (2000). Fear and anxiety: Animal models and human cognitive psychophysiology. Journal of Affective Disorders, 61(3), 137- 159. https://doi.org/10.1016/s0165-0327(00)00343-8
  • Lang, P. J., Greenwald, M. K., Bradley, M. M., & Hamm, A. O. (1993). Looking at pictures: affective, facial, visceral, and behavior reactions. Psychophysiology, 30(3), 261-273. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1469-8986.1993.tb03352.x
  • Maloney, E. K., Lapinski, M. K., & Witte, K. (2011). Fear Appeals and Persuasion: A Review and Update of the Extended Parallel Process Model. Social and Personality Psychology Compass, 5(4), 206-219. https://doi.org/10.1111%2Fj.1751- 9004.2011.00341.x
  • Marett, K., Vedadi, A., & Durcikova, A. (2019). A quantitative textual analysis of three types of threat communication and subsequent maladaptive responses. Computers & Security, 80, 25-35. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.cose.2018.09.004
  • McKay, D. L., Berkowitz, J. M., Blumberg, J. B., & Goldberg, J. P. (2004). Communicating cardiovascular disease risk due to elevated homocysteine levels: Using the EPPM to develop print materials. Health Education & Behavior, 31(3), 355-371. https://doi.org/10.1177/1090198104263353
  • Mewborn, C. R., & Rogers, R. W. (1979). Effects of threatening and reassuring components of fear appeals on physiological and verbal measures of emotion and attitudes. Journal of Experimental Social Psychology, 15(3), 242-253. https://doi.org/10.1016/0022-1031(79)90035-0
  • Öhman, A., Hamm, A., & Hugdahl, K. (2000). Cognition and the autonomic nervous system. In T. T. Cacioppo, L. G. Tassinary, G. G. Berntson (Eds.), Handbook of Psychophysiology (2nd ed.) (pp. 533-571). Cambridge University Press.
  • Ooms, J. A., Jansen, C. J. M., Hommes, S., & Hoeks, J. C. J. (2017). “Don´t make my mistake”: on the processing of narrative fears appeals. International Journal of Communication, 11, 4924-4945.
  • Ordoñana, J. R., González-Javier, F., Espín-López, L., & Gómez-Amor, J. (2009). Self- report and Psychophysiological Responses to Fear Appeals. Human Communication Research, 35, 195-220. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1468-2958.2009.01344.x
  • Palomba, D., Sarlo, M., Angrilli, A., Mini, A., & Stegagno, L. (2000). Cardiac responses associated with affective processing of unpleasant film stimuli. International Journal of Psychophysiology, 27, 55-67. https://doi.org/10.1016/s0167-8760(99)00099-9
  • Peters, G-J. Y., Ruiter, R. A. C., & Kok, G. (2013). Threatening communication: a critical re-analysis and a revised meta-analytic test of fear appeal theory. Health Pschology Review, 7(1), 8-31. https://doi.org/10.1080/17437199.2012.703527
  • Popova, L. (2011). The Extended Parallel Process Model: Illuminating the Gaps in Research. Health Education & Behavior, 39(4), 455-473. https://doi.org/10.1177/1090198111418108
  • Ruiter, R. A. C., Abraham, C., & Kok, G. (2001). Scary warnings and rational precautions: A review of the psychology of fear appeals. Psychology and Health, 16, 613-630. https://doi.org/10.1080/08870440108405863
  • Ruiter, R. A. C., Verplanken, B., Kok, G., & Werrij, M. Q. (2003). The role of coping appraisal in reactions to fear appeals: Do we need threat information? Journal of Health Psychology, 8, 465-474. https://doi.org/10.1177/13591053030084006
  • Sánchez-Navarro, J. P., Martínez-Selva, J. M., & Román, F. (2006). Uncovering the relationship between defence and orienting in emotion: Cardiac reactivity to unpleasant pictures. International Journal of Psychophysiology, 61, 34-46. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ijpsycho.2005.10.023
  • Sánchez-Navarro, J. P., Martínez-Selva, J. M., Torrente, & Román, F. (2008). Psychophysiological, behavioral, and cognitive indices of the emotional response: A factor-analytic study. The Spanish Journal of Psychology, 11(1), 16-25. https://doi.org/10.1017/s1138741600004078
  • Sánchez-Navarro, J. P., Martínez-Selva, J. M., Torrente, G., Pineda, S., Murcia-Liarte, J. B. & Carrillo-Verdejo, E. (2012). Preattentive processing of feared stimuli in blood–injection–injury fearful subjects. International Journal of Psychophysiology, 84, 95-101. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ijpsycho.2012.01.016
  • Seligowski, A.V., Lebois, L.A.M., Hill, S.B., Kahhale, I., Jovanovic, T., Winternitz, S.R., Kaufman, M.L. & Ressler, K.L. (2019). Autonomic responses to fear conditioning among women with PTSD and dissociation. Depression and Anxiety, 36(7), 625-634. https://doi.org/10.1002/da.22903
  • Spielberger, C. D., Gorsuch, R. L., & Lushene, R. E. (1970). Manual for the State-Trait Anxiety Inventory. Consulting Psychologist Press.
  • Verschuere, B., Crombez, G., De Clercq, A., & Koster, E. H. W. (2004). Autonomic and behavioral responding to concealed information: differentiating orienting and defensive responses. Psychophysiology, 41, 461-466. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1469- 8986.00167.x
  • Vögele, C., Coles, J., Wardle, J., & Steptoe, A. (2003). Psychophysiologic effects of applied tension on the emotional fainting response to blood and injury. Behavior Research and Therapy, 41(2), 139-155. https://doi.org/10.1016/S0005-7967(01)00133-4
  • Watson, M., Pettingale, K.W., & Goldstein, D. (1983). Effects of a fear appeal on arousal, self-reported anxiety, and attitude towards smoking. Psychological Reports, 52(1), 139-146. https://doi.org/10.2466%2Fpr0.1983.52.1.139
  • Witte, K. (1992a). Putting the fear back into fear appeals: the extended parallel process model. Communication Monographs, 59, 329-349. https://doi.org/10.1080/03637759209376276
  • Witte, K. (1992b). The role of threat and efficacy in AIDS prevention. International Quarterly of Community Health Education, 12, 225-249. https://doi.org/10.2190%2FU43P- 9QLX-HJ5P-U2J5
  • Witte, K. (1994). Fear control and danger control: a test of the Extended Parallel Process Model EPPM. Communication Monographs, 612, 113-134. https://doi.org/10.1080/03637759409376328
  • Witte, K. (1998). Fear as motivator, fear as inhibitor: Using the extended parallel process model to explain fear appeal successes and failures. In P. A. Andersen & L. K. Guerrero (Eds.), The Hand-Book of Communication and Emotion: Research, theory, application and context (pp. 423-450). San Diego, CA: Academic Press.
  • Witte, K., & Allen, M. (2000). A meta–analysis of fear appeals: implications for effective public health campaigns. Health Education & Behavior, 275, 591-615. https://doi.org/10.1177%2F109019810002700506
  • Zonouzy, V. T., Niknami, S., Ghofranipour, F., & Montazeri, A. (2019). An educational intervention based on the extended parallel process model to improve attitude, behavioral intention, and early breast cancer diagnosis: a randomized trial. International Journal of Women´s Health, 11, 1-10. https://doi.org/10.2147/IJWH.S182146
Fuente de los datos: Dialnet