Implicación de la memoria visoespacial y fonológica en la heterogeneidad clínica del Trastorno por Déficit de Atención con Hiperactividad (TDAH)

  1. Ana Gallego-Martínez
  2. Julia García-Sevilla
  3. Javier Fenollar-Cortés
Journal:
Anales de psicología

ISSN: 0212-9728,  1695-2294

Year of publication: 2018

Volume: 34

Issue: 1

Pages: 16-22

Type: Article

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More publications in: Anales de psicología

Abstract

Introducción: Recientemente se ha incrementado el interés en el estudio de los déficits neuropsicológicos que subyacen al TDAH. Entre ellos, destaca la Memoria de Trabajo (MT) en sus dimensiones visoespacial y fonológica. El objetivo del presente estudio fue explorar las diferencias de rendimiento en memoria a corto plazo y memoria de trabajo visoespacial y fonológica entre un grupo control y un grupo clínico, teniendo en cuenta la heterogeneidad clínica del trastorno. Método: Se formó un grupo clínico de 76 niños con un diagnóstico previo de TDAH, divididos según su subtipo clínico: TDAH predominantemente inatento (n = 26, edad M = 10,9, SD = 1,8; 66% varones), y TDAH combinado (n = 50, edad M = 10.8, DT = 1.9; 61.5% varones). Además, se formó un grupo control conformado por niños sin diagnóstico TDAH (n = 40, edad M = 10.2, SD = 1.9; 57.5% varones). A todo ellos se les administró un batería de pruebas para medir la memoria a corto plazo y la memoria de trabajo, tanto visoespacial como fonológica. Resultados: El grupo TDAH obtuvo un peor rendimiento en las tareas de Memoria de Trabajo visoespacial (Tarea Corsi) y fonológica (“Letras y Números” de WISC). Este peor rendimiento se mantuvo también para los subtipos clínicos. No se halló relación entre las dimensiones del TDAH y el rendimiento en las tareas neuropsicológicas empleadas. Discusión: Este estudio aporta evidencia empírica a la hipótesis que sugiere que los niños con TDAH presentan un menor rendimiento en tareas que implican la memoria de Trabajo, tanto respecto a la memoria de trabajo fonológica como visoespacial. Además, los resultados de este estudio sugieren que no existiría una relación entre las dimensiones principales del TDAH y el rendimiento en las tareas de memoria de trabajo.

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