El tratamiento psicológico del trastorno obsesivo-compulsivo en Europaun estudio meta-analítico

  1. Gómez Conesa, Antonia Aurelia
  2. Méndez Carrillo, Francisco Javier
  3. Sánchez Meca, Julio
Aldizkaria:
Psicología conductual = behavioral psychology: Revista internacional de psicología clínica y de la salud

ISSN: 1132-9483

Argitalpen urtea: 2003

Alea: 11

Zenbakia: 2

Orrialdeak: 213-237

Mota: Artikulua

Beste argitalpen batzuk: Psicología conductual = behavioral psychology: Revista internacional de psicología clínica y de la salud

Laburpena

En este trabajo se presentan los resultados de un meta-análisis sobre la eficacia de las intervenciones psicológicas, solas o en combinación con psicofármacos, en el trastorno obsesivo-compulsivo. Se incluyeron 23 artículos europeos que cumplieron con los criterios de selección, dando lugar a 43 estudios independientes, sobre los que se calculó la diferencia media tipificada entre las medias del pretest y del postest. El tamaño del efecto medio global, d+=1,443, reflejó una clara eficacia para disminuir las obsesiones/compulsiones, así como los síntomas de depresión, ansiedad y ajuste social, aunque éstos en menor medida. Los tratamientos más eficaces consistieron en la combinación de técnicas de exposición con prevención de respuesta o de reestructuración cognitiva con antidepresivos (d+=2,044 y d+=2,953, respectivamente), tales como la clomipramina o la fluvoxamina. Se propone un modelo predictivo de la eficacia, en función de los tipos de tratamientos y de la calidad metodológica de los estudios. Finalmente, se discuten las implicaciones prácticas y clínicas de los resultados, así como para la investigación futura en este campo.

Erreferentzia bibliografikoak

  • Abramowitz, J. S. ( 1996). Variants of exposure and response prevention in the treatment of obsessive-compulsive dísorder: A meta-analysis. Behavíor Therapy, 27, 583-600.
  • Abramowitz, J. S. (1997). Efficacy of psychological and pharmacological treatments for obsessive-compulsive disorder: A quantitative review. Journa/ of Consulting & Clínica/Psychology, 65, 44-52.
  • Abramowitz, J. S. (1998). Does cognitive-behavioral therapy cure obsessive-compulsive disorder? A meta-analytic evaluation of clinical significance. Behavior Therapy, 29, 339-355.
  • American Psychiatric Association (1994). Manual diagnóstico y estadístico de los trastornos mentales. Barcelona: Masson (orig. en inglés, APA, 1994).
  • * Bachofen, M., Nakagawa, A., Marks, l. M., Park, J. M., GreiSt, J. H., Baer, L., Wenzel, K. W., Parkin, J. R. y Dottl, S. L. (1999). Home selg-assessment and self-treatment of obsessivecompulsive disorder using a manual and a computer-conducted telephone interview:Replication of a U. K.-U.S. study. Journal of Clínica/ Psychiatry, 60, 545-549.
  • Ball, S. G., Baer, L. y Otto, M. W. (1996). Symptom subtypes of obsessive-compulsive disorder in behavioral treatment studies: A quantitative review. Behaviour Research & Therapy, 34,47-51.
  • Beck, A. T., Ward, C. H., Mendelson, M., Mock, J. E. y Erbaugh, J. (1961). An inventory for measuring depression. Archives of General Psychiatry, 4, 561-571.
  • Caballo, V. E. y Mateas, P. M. (2000). El tratamiento de los trastornos de ansiedad a las puertas del siglo XXI. Psicología Conductua/, B, 173-215.
  • Caine, T. M., Foulds, G. A. y Hope, K. (1967). Manual of the Hostility and Direction of Hostility Questionnaire (HDHQ). Londres: University of London Press.
  • Christensen, H., Hadzi-Pavlovic, D., Andrews, G. y Mattick, R. (1987). Behavior therapy and tricyclic medication in the treatment of obsessive-compulsive disorder: A quantitative review. Journal of Consulting & Clinica/ Psychology, 55, 701-711.
  • Cohen, J. (1988). Statistica/ power analysis for the behaviora/ sciences (2ª ed.). Hillsdale, NJ: Erlbaum.
  • Cooper, H. y Hedges, L. V. (Eds.) (1994). The handbook of research synthesis. Nueva York:
  • Cooper, J. (1970). The Leyton Obsessional lnventory. Psycho/ogica/ Medicine, 1, 48-64.
  • *Cottraux, J., Mollard, E., Bouvard, M., Marks, l. M., Sluys, M., Nury, A. IVl., Douge, R. y Cialdella, P. (1990). A controlled study of fluvoxamine and exposure in obsessive-compulsive disorder. lnternational Clínica/ Psychopharmacology, 5, 17-30.
  • *Cottraux, J., Note, l., Yao, S. N .. Lafont, Note, B., Mollard, E., Bouvard, M., Sauteraud, A., Bourgeois, M. y Dartigues, J. F. (2001). A randomized controlled trial of cognitive therapy versus intensive behaviour therapy in obsessive-compulsive disorder. Psychotherapy & Psychosomatics, en prensa.
  • Cox, B. J., Swinson, R. P., Morrison, B. y Lee, P. S. (1993). Clomipramíne, fluoxetine, and behavior therapy in the treatment of obsessive-compulsive disorder: A meta-analysis. Journal of Behavior Therapy & Experimental Psychiatry, 24, 149-153.
  • Cruzado, J. A. (1997). Técnicas de intervención con pacientes obsesivo-compulsivos. Ansiedad y Estrés, 3, 289-318.
  • Derogatis, L. R. {1977). SCL-90: Administration, scoring and procedures manual-/ for the revised version and other instruments of the psychopathology rating sea/es. Baltimore, MD: The Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine.
  • Douglass, H. M., Moffitt, T. Dar, R., McGee, R. y Silva, P. (1995). Obsessive-compulsive disorder in a bírth cohort of 18-year olds: prevalence and predictors. Journal of the American Academy of Child & Adolescent Psychiatry, 34, 1424-1431.
  • *Drummond, L. M. {1993). The treatment of severe, chronic, resistant obsessive-compulsive disorder: An evaluation of an in-patient programme using behavioural psychotherapy in combination with other treatments. British Journal of Psychiatry, 163, 223-229.
  • *Emmelkamp, P. M. G. y Beens, H. (1991). Cognitive therapy with obsessive-compulsive disorder: A comparative evaluation. Behaviour Research & Therapy, 29, 293-300.
  • *Emmelkamp, P. M. G., de Haan, E. y Hoogduin, C. A. L. (1990). Marital adjustment and obsessive-compulsíve dísorder. British Journal of Psychiatry, 156, 55-60.
  • *Emmelkamp, P. M. G. y de Lange, l. (1983). Spouse involvement in the treatment of obsessive-compulsive patients. Behaviour Research & Therapy, 21, 341-346.
  • *Emmelkamp, P. M. G. y Gíesselbach, P. (1981 ). Treatment of obsessions: Relevant v. irrelevant exposure. Behaviourai Psychotherapy, 9, 322-329.
  • *Emmelkamp, P. M. G., van Linden van den Heuvel, C., Rüphan, M. y Sanderman, R. (1989). Home-based treatment of obsessive-compulsíve patíents: lntersession interval and therapist involvement. Behavíour Research & Therapy, 27, 89-93.
  • *Ernrnelkamp, P. M. G., van der Helm, M., van Zaríten, B. L. y Plochg, l. (1980). Treatrnent of obsessive-compulsive patients: T he contribution of self-instructional training to the effectiveness of exposure. Behavíour Research & Therapy, 18, 61-66.
  • *Emmelkamp, P. M. G. y van der Heyden, H. (1980). Treatment of harming obsessions. Behaviour Analysis & Modification, 9, 341-346.
  • *Emmelkamp, P M. G., Visser, S. y Hoekstra, R. J. (1988). Cognitíve therapy vs exposure in vivo in the treatment of obsessive-compulsives. Cognitive Therapy & Research, 12, 103-114.
  • Foa, E. B., Steketee, G. S. y Mílby, J. B. (1980). Differential effects of exposure and response prevention in obsessive-compulsive washers. Journal of Consulting & Clínica/ Psychology, 48, 71-79.
  • Foster, P. S. y Eisler, R. M. (2001 ). An integrative approach to the treatment of obsessive-compulsive disorder. Comprehensive Psychiatry, 42, 24-31.
  • Gelder, M. G. y Marks, l. M. (1966). Severe agoraphobia: A controlled prospective tria! Of behavíour therapy. Britísh Joumal of Psychiatry, 112, 309-319.
  • Glass, G. V, McGaw, B. y Smith, M. L. (1981 ). Meta-ana/ysis for social research. Beverly Hills, CA: Sage.
  • Goodman, W. K., Price, L. H., Rasmussen, S. A., Mazure, Fleischrnann, R. L., Hill, C. L., Heninger, G. R. y Charney, D. S. (1989). The Yale-Brown Obsessive Compulsive Scale. l. Development, use, and reliability. Archives of General Psychiatry, 46, 1006· 1O11.
  • Hamilton, M. (1969). Standardized assessrnent and recordíng of depressive symptoms. Psychiatrica Neurología & Neurochirurgia, 72, 201-205.
  • Hedges, L. V. y Olkin, l. (1985). Statistical methods for meta-analysis. Orlando, FL: Academic Press.
  • Hedges, L. V. y Vevea, l L. (1998). Fixed- and random-effects models in meta-analysís. Psychologica! Methods, 3, 486-504.
  • Hodgson, R. J. y Rachman, S. (1977). Obsessional-compulsíve complaínts. Behaviour Research & Therapy, 15, 389-395.
  • *Hohagen, F., Winkelmann, G., Rasche-Rauchle, H., Hand, l., K5nig, A., Münchau, f'.L, Hiss, H., Geiger-Kabisch, C., Kappler, C., Schramm, P., Rey, Aldenhoff, J. y Berger, M. (1998). Combination of behaviour therapy with fluvoxarnine in comparison with behaviour therapy and placebo. British Journal of Psychíatry, 173{Suppl. 35), 71-78.
  • *lto, L. M., de Araujo, L. A., Hemsley, D. R. y Marks, l. M. (1995). Beliefs and resistance in obsessive-compulsive disorder: Observations from a controlied study. Journal of Anxiety Dísorders, 9, 269-28L
  • Karno, M. y Golding, J. M. (1991). Obsessíve-compulsive disorders. En L. N. Robins y D. A. Reiger (Eds.), Psychiatric disorders in America: The epidemlo/ofical catchment area study (pp. 204-219). Nueva York: T he Free Press.
  • *Keijsers, G. P. J., Hoogduin, C. A. L. y Schaap, C. P. D. R. (1994). Predictors of treatment outcome in the behavioral treatment of obsessíve-compulsive disorder. British Journaí of Psychiatry, 165, 781-786.
  • Lipsey, M. W. (1994). ldentifying potentially interesting variables and analysis opportunities. En H. Cooper y L. V. Hedges (Eds.), The handbook of research synthesis (pp. 111-123). Nueva York: Sage.
  • *Lovell, K .. Marks, l. 1\11., Noshirvani, H. y O'Sullivan, G. (1994). Should treatment distinguish anxiogenic from anxiolytic obsessive-compulsive rumiations? Psychotherapy & Psychosomatics, 6 7, 150-155.
  • Marks, l. M. (1986). Behavioural psychotherapy: Maudsley pocketbook of clinical management. Bristol: John Wright.
  • Marks, l. M., Hallam, R., Connloy, J. y Philpott, R. (1977). Nursing in behavioural psychotherapy: An advanced clinical role for nurses. Londres: Royal College of Nursing.
  • *Marks, l. M., O'Dwyer, A. M., Meehan, O., Greist, J., Baer, L. y McGuire, P. (2000). Subjective imagery in obsessive-compulsive disorder befare and after exposure therapy. British Journal of Psychiatry, 7 76, 387-391.
  • *Marks, l. M., Stern, R. S., Mawson, D., Cobb, J. y McDonald, R. (1980). Clomipramine and exposure for obsessive-compulsive rituals: l. British Journal of Psychiatry, 7 36, 1-25.
  • Modigh, K. (1987). Antidepressant drugs in anxiety disorders. Acta Psychiatrica Scandinavica, 76, 57-71.
  • Morris, S. B. (2000). Distribution of the standardized mean change effect size for meta-analysis of repeated measures. British Journal of Mathematical & Statistical Psychology, 53, 17-29.
  • *Nakagawa, A., Marks, l. M., Park, J. M., Bachofen, M., Baer, L., Dottl, S. L. y Greist, J. H. (2000). Self-treatment of obsessive-compulsive disorder guided by manual and computerconducted telephone interview. Journal of Telemedicine & Telecare, 6, 22-26.
  • Orwin, R. G. (1983). A fail-safe N for effect size in meta-analysis. Journal of Educational Statistics, 8, 157-159.
  • Orwin, R. G. (1994). Evaluating coding decisions. En H. Cooper y L. V. Hedges (Eds.), The handbook of research synthesis (pp. 139-162). Nueva York: Sage.
  • Piccinelli, M., Pini, S., Bellantuono, C. y Wilkinson, G. (1995). Efficacy of drug treatment in obsessive-compulsive disorder: A meta-analytic review. British Journal of Psychiatry, 7 66, 424-443.
  • Rasmussen, S. A. y Eisen, J. L. (1990). Epidemiology of obsessive compulsive disorder. Journal of Clinical Psychiatry, 5 7 (Supl. 2), 10-13.
  • Reiger, D., Narrow, W. E. y Raye, D. S. (1990). The epidemiology of anxiety disorders: The epidemiologic catchment area experience. Journal of Psychiatric Research, 24(Supl. 2), 3-14.
  • Rosa, A. l., Olivares, J. y Sánchez, J. (1999). La terapia de conducta en el contexto español e internacional: Situación actual y factores implicados en su eficacia. Psicología Conductual, 7, 215-252.
  • Rosenberg, M. S., Adams, D. C. y Gurevitch, J. (2000). MetaWin 2.0: Statistical software far meta-analysis. Sunderland, MA: Sinauer Assoc.
  • Ruhmland, M. y Margraf, J. (2001 ). Effektivitat psychologischer therapien von spezifischer phobie und zwangsstorung: Meta-analysen auf storungsebene [Efficacy of psychological treatments for specific phobia and obsessive compulsive disorder]. Verhaltenstherapie, 7 7, 14-26.
  • Sánchez, J. y Ato, M. (1989). Meta-análisis: Una alternativa metodológica a las revisiones tradicionales de la investigación. En J. Arnau y H. Carpintero (Coords.), Tratado de psicología general. 7: Historia, teoría y método (pp. 617-669). Madrid: Alhambra.
  • Spielberger, C. D., Gorsuch, R. L. y Lushene, R. E. (1970). Manual far the Stait-Trait Anxiety lnventory. Palo Alto, CA: Consulting Psychologists Press.
  • SPSS 11.0 (2001 ). Statistical Package for the Social Sciences. SPSS, lnc.
  • Stanley, M. A. y Turner, S. M. (1995). Current status of pharmacological and behavioral treatmentof obsessive-compulsive disorder. Behavior Therapy, 26, 163-186.
  • Stoll, A. L., Tohen, M. y Baldessrini, R. J. (1992). lncreasing frequency of the diagnosis of obsessive-compulsive disorder. American Journal of Psychiatry, 149, 638-640.
  • *Thornicroft, G., Colson, L. y Marks, l. M. (1991 ). An ln-patient Behavioural P sychotherapy Unit: Description and audit. British Journal of Psychiatry, 158, 362-367.
  • Vallejo, M. A. (2001). Tratamientos psicológicos eficaces para el trastorno obsesivo compulsivo. Psicothema, 13, 419-427.
  • *Van Balkom, A. J. L. M., de Haan, E., van Oppen, P., Spinhoven, P., Hoogduin, K. A. L. y van Dyck, R. (1998). Cognitive and behavioral therapies alone versus in·combination with fluvoxamine in the treatment of obsessive-compulsive disorder. Journal of Nervous & Mental Disease, 186, 492-499.
  • Van Balkom, A. J. L. M., van Oppen, P., Vermeulen, A. W. A., van Dyck, R., Nauta, M. C. E. y Vorst, H. C. M. (1994}. A meta-analysis of the treatment of obsessive compulsive disorder: A comparison of antidepressants, behavior, and cogitive therapy. Clinícal Psychology Review, 14, 359-381.
  • *Van den Hout, M., Emmelkamp, P. M. G., Kraaykamp, H. y Griez, E. (1988}. Behavioral treatment of obsessive-compulsives: lnpatient vs outpatient. Behaviour Research & Therapy, 26, 331-332.
  • Van Oppen, P. y Arntz, A. (1994}. Cognitive therapy for obsessive-compulsive disorder. Behavíour Research & Therapy, 32, 79-87.
  • *Van Oppen, P., de Haan, E., van Balkom, A. J. L. M., Spinhoven, P., Hoodguin, K. y van Dyck, R. ( 1995}. Cognitive therapy and exposure in vivo in the treatment of obsessive compulsive disorder. Behaviour Research & Therapy, 33, 379-390.
  • Watson, J. P. y Marks, l. M. (1971}. Relevant and irrelevant fear in flooding: A cross-over study of phobic patients. Behavior Therapy, 2, 275-295.
  • Weismann, M. M.,Bland, R. Canino, G. J. y Greenwald, S. {1994). The Cross National Collaborative Group: The cross national epidemiology of obsessive-compulsive disorder. Journal of Clinical Psychiatry, 55(Supl. 3), 5-1 O.
  • Yaryura-Tobias, J. A. (1997). Trastornos obsesivo-compulsivos. Madrid: Harcourt Brace.
  • Zung, W. W. K. (1965}. A self-rating depression scale. Archives of General Psychiatry, 12, 63-70.