Evaluación del grosor del complejo íntima-media carotídeo con ultrasonidos en niños obesos

Abstract

ABSTRACT OBJECTIVES: 9. To establish a test protocol for measuring carotid IMT by ultrasound that is reproducible and safe. 10. To verify the interobserver reproducibility in the measurement of carotid IMT by ultrasound. 11. To describe the design and methodology used in "Programa SALUD 5-10", an exercise program designed to address obesity and overweight in schoolchildren in the age group between 5-10 years, improving their fitness and cardiovascular health. 12. To evaluate IMT by ultrasound in overweight and obese children between 5 and 10 years. 13. To evaluate non-alcoholic fatty liver disease (NAFLD) by ultrasound in obese and overweight children in the age group between 5-10 years. 14. To assess the association between IMT and NAFLD in overweight and obese children between 5 and 10 years. 15. To verify the reversibility of carotid IMT and endothelial dysfunction after performing a physical exercise program. 16. To verify the reversibility of NAFLD after performing a physical exercise program. METHODS A cross-sectional study was conducted on 148 overweight and obese schoolchildren in the age group between 5-10 years, in whom anthropometric and clinical data were collected. NAFLD, or grade of hepatic steatosis (HS), and IMT were evaluated by ultrasound (US) before and after performing a physical exercise program. RESULTS Anthropometric and clinical characteristics (pre-intervention) Of the 148 participating children, 95 (64.2%) were obese and 53 (35%) were overweight. The obesity and overweight groups showed no significant differences in terms of age, gender, weight, height, DBP, SBP, GOT, GPT, HDL, LDL, while significant differences were observed in terms of BMI, BMI z-score, WC, GGT, CHOL and TG. IMT-NAFLD (pre-intervention) An increase in the average (0.48) and the median (0.50) of the IMT value is demonstrated in the 64.5% of overweight and obese children. (Normal IMT < 0,42). The IMT value was 0.49±0.07 in the overweight children, 0.475±0.07 in the obese children and 0.48±0.07 in the obese/overweight children overall, with no significant differences observed between the groups. The IMT value was 0.47±0.06 in the girls and slightly higher (0.48±0.08) in the boys. Significant correlations were found between IMT and height (r = 0.181, P = 0.028), CHOL (r = -0.214, P = 0.009), and LDL (r = -0.223, P = 0.006). Of the total number of children (n=148) US did not detect NAFLD in 98 (66.2%), IMT 0.47±0.07 but did observe NAFLD in 50 (33.8%), IMT 0.49±0.07. HS distribution was grade 0 in 98 (66.2%), grade 1 in 45 (30.4%), grade 2 in 4 (2.7%) and grade 3 in 1 (0.7%). We found a statistically significant difference between the two groups and IMT (P = 0.026) when the HS grades were divided into two groups: 0-1 (143 children [96.6%]; IMT 0.47±0.07); and 2-3 (5 children [3.4%]; IMT 0.56±0.05). Anthropometric and clinical characteristics (post-intervention) The percentage of fat has decreased significantly in both boys and girls in the intervention group. There has been a significant improvement in BMI of children. Thereby, according to the classification of the WHO, 11 children have gone from being obese to have overweight, and 5 children have gone from being overweight to have normal weight. IMT-NAFLD (post-intervention) After exercise, 93.4% of children normalized the IMT. After exercise, 84% of children normalized their hepatic echogenicity. CONCLUSIONS The development of this report has led to the following advances in knowledge: 1. The interobserver reproducibility and accuracy in the measurement of carotid IMT by US has been verified, obtaining a correlation intraclass coefficient of 0.97. 2. The bases and scientific interest have been described, as well as the main methodological aspects of an intervention program oriented to improving the physical condition and other indicative parameters of the health status, in a group of obese and overweight children between 5 and 10 years. 3. An increased IMT value in children with overweight and obesity has been demonstrated. 4. An increased incidence of NAFLD in overweight and obesity has been demonstrated. 5. A significant association between IMT and NAFLD (grouped in different degrees) in overweight and obese children has been demonstrated. Moreover, our results suggest that the greater the severity of hepatic steatosis is the higher the IMT value is. 6. The reversibility of carotid IMT after performing a physical exercise program has been demonstrated. 7. The reversibility of NAFLD after performing a physical exercise program has been demonstrated. 8. Project continuity. General Directorate of Sports is planning to develop this plan in other municipalities in the Region of Murcia. A 2nd edition of the project is proposed adding the variable of introducing a balanced diet, for what healthy menus have been designed, and workshops for parents and children imparted by health professionals (endocrinologists and nutritionists) will be developed.