Evaluación de efectos provocados por la exposición al plomo, cadmio, cobre y sus mezclas (binarias y ternaria) en mejillón silvestre (Mytilus galloprovincialis)

Resum

At present, bioassays provide useful information when taking decisions related to biomonitoring activities. Heavy metals, because of their high persistence, bioaccumulation and toxicity, they pose a significant risk to superficial waters, as much as for marine organisms as for humans. Mixtures of metals are considered of high relevance in Toxicology, as metals are often present in complex mixtures. However, most of experimental studies are developed with metals in single form, with a few number of published studies on interactions between heavy metals and the biological effects of such interactions. In marine toxicology, wild mussel (Mytilus galloprovincialis) is considered the species of choice in field studies and in bioassays. This thesis sets out the assessment of the effects of exposure to mixtures of three heavy metals considered of interest (Pb, Cd and Cu), analyzing the effects of single exposure in first place, then of exposure to binary compounds and finally to ternary mixtures. Biomarkers selected first provide an important source of information about the immediate effect on the mussels, evaluated without complex analytical techniques: feeding behaviour, biometric alterations and immune response. The interactive effects of mixtures (additive, synergistic or antagonistic) have been also evaluated. In a second phase the tissue accumulation of Pb, Cd and Cu was considered, as it is the response used for years in the interpretation of results in biomonitoring studies. In addition to this assessment, we studied the accumulation into three compartments: digestive gland, gills and remainder tissues, so that we could also make the corresponding tissue distribution study, to try to study possible displacements between compartments. Finally we have analyzed the interactions of these heavy metals and other inorganic elements present in tissues: majority and minority trace elements (MTE and mTE). In general, the mussels exposed to the ternary mixture were the most affected. The specimens which consumed less organic matter were those exposed to that mixture, followed by the specimens exposed to Cd and Cd+Pb (p <0.05). The gland and gill weights were the biometric markers most significantly affected as well as their corresponding condition indexes (hepatosomatic and gill index), but only in the group exposed to the ternary mixture. Among the total condition indexes, we found significant differences only in those calculated from the weight of the shells (ICval) among the same group. Regarding the immune response analyzed, only groups exposed to Cu and Pb+Cu increased the PO activity compared to the control group (p <0.05). The accumulation of Pb, Cd and Cu increased significantly in the group exposed to the ternary mixture, with no common pattern of response to exposure to simple and binary mixtures. Heavy metals mainly concentrated in the digestive gland, and the percentages varied in different compartments according to the treatments, showing their displacement between tissues. Regarding MTE and mTE, the biggest differences were observed on K, Na, P (MTE), B and Cr (mTE), with the group exposed to the ternary mixture being again the one which underwent the biggest modifications. The interactive effect the most observed was the additive, while the less frequent was the antagonistic one. Finally, concentrations of Pb, Cd and Cu in faeces increased significantly in the case of groups exposed to the ternary mixture followed by the group exposed to the mixture of Cd+Pb, and few differences were observed between MTE and mTE groups.