Análisis de la degeneración de los fotorreceptoes en modelos experimentales de retinosis pigmentaria, degeneración macular asociada a la edad y glaucoma

Abstract

SUMMARY. Purpose. To determine the total number and topography of the cone population in two rat and two mouse strains using automated routines which allowed us to investigate objectively the effects of different experimental models of human pathologies such as Aging Macular Degeneration (AMD), Retinitis Pigmentosa (RP) and Glaucomatous Optic Neuropathy (GON) on the photoreceptor population. Material y methods. A total of 303 rats and 23 mice were used in this thesis, five different strains of rodents were used: albino Sprague-Dawley (SD), pigmented Piebald Virol Glaxo (PVG) and P23H-1 transgenic rats, albino Swiss and pigmented C57/BL6 mice. All experimets and procedures were carried out in strict accordance with the recommendations in the Guide for the Care and Use of Laboratory Animals of the Association for Research in Vision and Ophthalmology (ARVO) and the European Union guidelines for the use of animals in research, and all the protocols were approved by the Ethical and Animal Studies Committee of the University of Murcia. Several techniques such as, the identification of the three different types of photoreceptors and other retinal populations by immunohistofluorescence analyzed in whole flat-mounted retinas and in oriented radial sections, classical staining as H-E, imaging advanced technologies as Spectral Domain Optical Coherence Tomography (SD-OCT), and protein analysis by western blot, have been used. In this thesis the P23H-1transgenic rat has been used as a model of RP, this animal bears an autoasomal dominat mutation in the rhodopsin gene (proline to histidine substitution at codon 23 of the rodopsin protein) that causes photorecptor dystrophy and death. A new experimental model useful to understand the AMD pathology, has been developed for this thesis, Light Emmitting Dioede (LED)-induced cone-photoreceptor phototoxicity (LIP), the blue-light LED exposition on the rat retina causes a damage-area located in the retinal zone with maximun L-cones densities and a cone to rod ratio similar to the human macular fovea. And finally, an experimental model of Laser-induced ocular hypertension developed recently in our Laboratory of Experimental Ophthalmology at the University of Murcia has been used to understand the effects of GON on the cone population. Results. The mean number of L-opsin+cones is 231,736 ± 14,517 in SD rat; 239,939 ± 6,494 in PVG rat; 117,424 ± 17,721 in Swiss mouse and 135,155 ± 8,742 in C57/BL6 mouse. The mean number of S-opsin+cones 41,028 ± 5,074 in SD rat; 27,316 ± 2,235 in PVG rat; 146,682 ± 24,958 in Swiss mouse and 119,616 ± 8,756 in C57/BL6 mouse. The percentage of dual cones is 3.2% in SD rat; 2.9% in PVG rat; 73% in Swiss mouse and 40% in C57/BL6 mouse. In all strains, and both species, there is a parallel distribution of retinal ganglion cells (RGC) and L-cones. The topography of L-cones is similar in all strains of rats and mice analyzed, the highest densities are observed in the superior nasotemporal axis, medium densities around the optic nerve, and this density gradually decreases from the center to the periphery. However, obvious differences are found in S-cones distribution. While in the two rat strains there is a increasing gradient of S-cones density along the inferonasal quadrant and the highest densities are found in the retinal rim, in the Swiss mouse strains S-cones are abundant in the dorsal retina although their highest densities are ventral but the C57/BL6 mouse shows a low number of S-cones in the dorsal retina and very dense population in the ventral retina, being densest in its nasal aspect. In P23H-1 rats, rod degeneration occurs rapidly: first the rod outer segment shortens, at P30 there is extensive rod loss, and by P180 rod loss is almost complete except for the most peripheral retina. The numbers of L cones are, at all postnatal ages, lower in P23H-1 rats than in control SD rats, and decrease significantly with age (by P180). Rod and cone degeneration is spatiotemporally related and occurs in rings that appear already at P90 and spread throughout the entire retina. At P180, the rings of rod-cone degeneration are more abundant in the equatorial retina and are larger in the dorsal retina. In a novel in vivo model of focal LED-induced photoreceptor phototoxicity SD-OCT showed damage in a circular region of the superotemporal retina, whose diameter varied from 1,842.4 ± 84.5 mm (at 24 hours) to 1,407.7 ± 52.8 mm (at 7 days). This region had a progressive thickness disminution from 183.4 ± 5 mm (at 12 h) to 114.6 ± 6 mm (at 7 d). Oriented cross-sections showed within the light-damaged region of the retina massive loss of rods and cone-photoreceptors. Wholemounts documented a circular region containing lower numbers of L- and S-cones. Within a circular area (1 mm or 1.3 mm radius, respectively) in the left and in its corresponding region of the contralateral-fellow-retina, total L- or S-cones were 7,118 ± 842 or 661 ± 125 for the LED exposed retinas (n=7) and 14,040 ± 1,860 or 2,255 ± 193 for the fellow retinas (n=7), respectively. Brimonidine, BDNF, PEDF and bFGF but not CNTF showed significant neuroprotective effects on L- and S-cones. Ocular hypertension (OHT) resulted in wedge-like sectors with their apex on the optic disc devoid of Brn3aRGC but with large numbers of DAPI+nuclei. The levels of all opsins diminished by 2 weeks and further decreased to 20% of basal-levels by 3 months. Cross-sections revealed focal areas of outer retinal layers (ORL) degeneration. RGC survival at 15 days represented approximately 28% and did not change with time, whereas the L-cone and S- populations diminished to 80% and 65%, or to 35% and 20% at 1 or 6 months, respectively. Conclusions. It has been established, for the first time, the total number and the topographical distribution of S- and L-cones in two rat and two mouse strains and demonstrated the correlation of L-cones and RGC spatial distribution. It has been provided the basis to study cone degeneration and its prevention in pathologic conditions. It has been described for the first time that in the P23H-1 rat, rod and cone degeneration is spatiotemporally related and occurs in rings. Cone loss follows rod loss and starts very soon, even before P30, the first age analyzed here. The characteristics of the rings suggest that secondary cone degeneration is influenced by retinal position and/or other intrinsic or extrinsic factors. It has been evidenced that LIP results in rod and cone-photoreceptor loss, and is a reliable, quantifiable model to study cone-photoreceptor degeneration. Intravitreal BDNF, PEDF or bFGF, or topical BMD afford significant cone neuroprotection in this model. It has been demostrated that OHT induces in the ganglion cell layer selective RGC loss that does not progress after 1 month, whereas the S- and L-cones exhibit progressive loss up to 6 months. Thus, OHT results in severe damage to both the innermost and the ORL. Palabras clave: Retina, Fotorreceptores, Conos, Retinosis Pigmentaria, Degeneración Macular Asociada a la Edad, Glaucoma. Key words: Retina, Photoreceptors, Cones, Retinitis Pgmentosa, Aging Macular Degeneration, Glaucoma.