Filogeografía, genómica y biosemiótica de escarabajos de corteza (coleópterascolytinae)

Abstract

SUMMARY Bark beetles (Coleoptera: Curculionidae, Scolytinae) are insects linked to woody plants. This subfamily is exclusively composed of phytophagous species. In temperate forest ecosystems, their life cycle is critical in the matter and energy cycles of forests, but sometimes produce outbreaks episodes that come to disrupt the economic interests. The importance of these insects is that they are the first to arrive and complete their life cycle in susceptible hosts, facilitating the penetration of other wood-eating organisms like other insects (Hymenoptera and other Coleoptera) and especially fungi. Bark beetles affect mainly host trees with very little defence capability, either because they are weak by environmental conditions, injured or affected by fire. The overall objective of this thesis is to make an approach to the study of bark beetles from different perspectives. The study has allow to identify patterns of differentiated niche in populations of Tomicus destruens in the Mediterranean basin, to analyze differences in the expression of microRNAs in T. yunnanensis and T. destruens, to characterize possible serine proteases in T. yunnanensis and to analyze ecological networks where bark beetles participate. The objective of this chapter one was to identify some environmental factors of the ecological niche that affect the distribution of the mitochondrial lineages (mtLs) and the genetic diversity of T. destruens using nested clade analysis (NCA) together with the maximun entropy (MaxEnt) algorithm (NCA-MaxEnt).The ecological models developed indicate that minority eastern mtDNA lineages of T. destruens differ in their potential ecological niche according to their relation to extreme climatic variables. The main objective of the second chapter is to identify and characterize in silico microRNAs from Tomicus yunnanensis and to validate their expression in T. yunnanensis and T. destruens, using bioinformatics tools and molecular approaches with stem-loop pcrs.Seven miRNAs were validated in both species by quantitative real time PCR (RT-qPCR), of which mir-2c-3p and mir-4944-5p showed expression in both species. The expression of tyu-mir-2c-3p was higher in T. destruens than in T. yunnanensis, in both males and females. However, the highest expression of tyu-mir-4944-5p was observed in females of T. destruens, followed by males of T. yunnanensis and T. destruens. The main goal of the third chapter was to analyse in silico the transcriptome of the bark beetle T. yunnanensis by bioinformatic tools, and identify potential candidate genes for the synthesis of serine proteases. We intended to provide information on specific markers (digestion enzymes) to be used in future studies, aiming to develop new control strategies of this insect pest and its congeneric species.Among the serine proteases identified, four trypsin-like proteases and five chymotrypsin-like proteases were annotated in silico. These enzymes were classified into the SA1 family and showed all the characteristics of digestive serine proteases. The objective of this chapter was to identify the signals of the semiotic niche that affect intraspecific communication of bark beetles and with other organisms using the eco-field concept together with the General Theory of Resources (GTR) in order to detect processes of expansion of the semiotic niche in bark beetles along the entire landscape forestry matrix. A new perspective in landscape ecology is the application of the term Eco-Field together with the General Theory of Resources. In this paper, we describe the putative eco-field in bark beetles as a spatial configuration with a specific meaning-carrier for every organism-resource interaction. This thesis has addressed phylogeographic and genomic aspects of bark beetles to better understand their ecology and evolutionary relationships. In addition a biosemiotic approach was performed to analyse the implications of the communication of bark beetles in ecological networks.