Estudio de la susceptibilidad antibiótica en el Área VII de la Región de Murcia (2011-2014)

Abstract

ABSTRACT Since the development of penicillin, antimicrobial agents have been a breakthrough in modern medicine, decreasing the mortality and morbidity associated with infections and allowing the use of surgery, invasive procedures and other essential treatments nowadays. Many antimicrobial agents are being developed with improved activity against those microorganisms producing infectious diseases. Unfortunately, mainly due to the misuse of antimicrobials, since the last two decades there has been a significant increase in antimicrobial resistance that due to rapid acquisition and dispersion, has become a serious global problem. Objective. The aim of this study was to review the Area de Salud VII Region de Murcia epidemiology. Method. Servolab and Geslab laboratory information systems were used to obtain the data from 2011 to 2014. Results. The most frequently isolated microorganism was Escherichia coli (36.7%, 37%, 39.3% and 41.5% in the four years of study) (p <0.001). Klebsiella pneumoniae increased from 6.1% in 2011 to 9.1% in 2014 (p <0.001), standing since 2013 over Pseudomonas aeruginosa, Staphylococcus aureus and Enterococcus faecalis. Most of isolates were from urine samples. E. coli was also the most common pathogen, followed since 2012 by K. pneumoniae. These two microorganisms, together with Proteus mirabilis and E. faecalis were responsible for more than 90% isolates from urine samples. Salmonella spp. was the most common microorganism isolated from gastrointestinal infections, mainly serogroup B, except in 2012, where C7 serogroup was isolated more frequently. In infections from the lower respiratory tract (LRT), P. aeruginosa was isolated nearly in 30% of cases, and together with Haemophilus influenzae, they accounted for 43-47% of all isolates of LRT samples. In 2014, Stenotrophomonas matophilia and Streptococcus pneumoniae were isolated in 7.3% of cases. Staphylococcus epidermidis bacteremia decreased from 28.3% in 2011 to 15.3% in 2014 (p <0.001) as well as S. aureus. E. coli was the most frequent microorganism isolated from 2012 to 2014. E. faecalis, a threat in severe infections, increased to 7% in 2014. S. aureus was the most frequent isolate from exudates samples (30% in 2014), followed by E. coli and P. aeruginosa except in 2014, where K. pneumoniae accounted 28% of all Enterobacteriaceae. Sensitivity to cefotaxime and quinolones was nearly 100% for Salmonella spp. E. coli and K. pneumoniae were 77.5% to 85.5% cefotaxime sensitive throughout the study in both cases. Carbapenem-resistance was less than 1%. Enterobacter spp presented high resistance to carbapenems, mainly E. aerogenes (15% in 2014). Furthermore, meropenem was only active in 45-55% cases against Acinetobacter baumannii. The sensitivity of P. aeruginosa to ceftazidime was 84.1%, 91.3%, 84.2% and 86.6% from 2011-2014, and resistance to meropenem increased to 18.8% at the end of the study. Methicillin-resistant S. aureus (MRSA) was isolated in 22.4%, 19.8%, 27.2% and 23.4% from 2011 to 2014. Linezolid was active against S. aureus, Streptococcus agalactiae, Streptococcus pneumoniae and Streptococcus pyogenes. No resistance to vancomycin or daptomycin was detected. E. coli, K. pneumoniae, P. aeruginosa, S. aureus, and E. faecalis were less sensitive in samples from hospital. Isolates LRT samples were those with higher antibiotic resistance. MRSA was more common in urine samples (2011 and 2013) and LRT samples (2012 and 2014). MRSA was isolated in 11% and 12% of blood cultures from 2011 to 2013, but increased to 21.1% in 2014. Enterococcus spp increased resistance to aminoglycosides at high doses in blood cultures throughout the study. Conclusions. Antimicrobial resistance increased over the study and has affected most microorganisms and antibiotics. E. coli was the most frequently isolated microorganism throughout the study, and K. pneumoniae increased globally and in urine, LRT, blood and exudates samples. MRSA was stable from 2011 to 2013 but increased in 2014 in invasive samples. No vancomycin-resistant microorganisms were isolated during the study.