Análisis comparativo de los niveles sistémicos de citocinas, lipoperóxidos y de metales pesados/oligoelementos en pelo de portadores de implantes dentales y/o amalgamas dentales

Abstract

The present study have been designed to whether levels of a plethora of heavy metals and/or oligoelements could differ among patients who have long-term dental titanium implants and amalgams (n=34), and those with long-term dental amalgams only (n=27) and controls (n=13, without long-term titanium implants and dental amalgams), respectively. These dental biomaterials are present in their mouth during at least 10 years (average: 15 years). We have compared a plethora of heavy metals and/or among these experimental groups by Inductible Couple Mass Spectrometry (ICP-MS) in hair's samples and all results were expressed as µg/g of hair [metals: Al, Sb, As, Ba, Be, Bi, Cd, Pb, Hg, Pt, Tl, Th, U, Ni, Ag, Sn, Ti; oligoelements (Ca++, Mg++, Na+, K+, Cu++, Zn++, Mn++, Cr, V, Mo, B, I, Li, P, Se, Sr, S, Fe++, Ge, Rb)]. In addition, we have compared their systemic IL-1? and MCP-1 proinflammatory cytokine levels by ELISA. We also determined the serum levels of Glutathione (reduced form: GSH) and Malonaldehide (MDA) levels by colorimetric assays among these experimental groups. These biomarkers are mediators of oxidative stress and inflammation, respectively. We have detected low selenium levels as well as reduced Se/Ag and decreased Se/Hg ratios among patients with long-term dental implants and amalgams (A+I) as compare to patients with long-term dental amalgams only (A); In addition, they (A+I) have significant changes on magnesium (Mg++), sodium (Na+) and potassium (K+) levels. These Glutathione levels (GSH: reduced form) were lower in patients with long-term dental titanium implants and amalgams (A+I) and they have higher their systemic MDA (Malonaldehide) and proinflammatory IL-1? and MCP-1 (Macrophage Colony Protein-1) levels than patients with long-term dental amalgams only (A). These features suggest they (A+I group) are more susceptible to inflammation and oxidative stress than patients with amalgams only (A). As higher Silver (Ag) levels were found among patients with long-term titanium implants and amalgams (A+I) as compare to patients with amalgams only (A), we suggest that silver could migrate to distal organs. In addition, other heavy metal such as nickel (Ni) together the oligoelements cobalt (Co) were higher among patients with (A+I), which could rise proinflammatory cytokine levels as compare to those with long-term dental amalgams only (A). However, other metals detected from dental amalgams (Hg, Sn, Zn++, Cu++) or implant alloys (Ti-6Al-4V) did not significantly differed among (A+I) vs (A) groups. Collectively, our finding suggest that lower Se/Ag and Se/Hg ratios found among patients who have long-term titanium implants and dental amalgam could predispose them to oxidative stress. In fact, they have (A+I) group lower lithium (Li) and rubidium (Rb) levels than patients with long-term dental amalgams only (A). In addition, they (A+I) have changes on magnesium (Mg++), sodium (Na+) and potassium (K+) levels. We also detected correlations among selenium, silver or mercury levels and their ratios (Se/Ag and Se/Hg) in (A+I) group. However, the causal relationship was not established between exposure to silver (Ag) and low detected selenium (Ag) levels in patients with long-term dental implants and amalgams. Levels of barium (Ba) were higher among patients with long-term dental titanium implants and amalgams (A+I) than reached values by patients with long-term dental amalgams only (A). Finally, several heavy metals and oligoelements analyzed in the present study did not significantly differed among experimental groups.