Efecto de las modificaciones reglamentarias en la competición sobre aspectos cinemáticos y de frecuencia cardíaca en jugadores de fútbol U-10

Abstract

The main aim of this doctoral dissertation was to design a formative competition for U-10 football players. In order to develop a formative competition, various constraints were applied. To evaluate the effect of the application of constraints, three studies were developed. Study 1: The application of constraints in football training environments is very diverse and causes different effects depending on the characteristics of the constraints applied and the subjects they are directed at. The aims of this study were: a) to identify the different football constraints addressed in the scientific literature and b) to analyse the effect of constraints on football players on sport domains. A systematic review was conducted using the descriptors (FOOTBALL*) and (CONSTRAINTS*) in all databases included in Web of Science until December 2022. A total of 131 articles were found. 81 articles were selected after applying the inclusion criteria. The effect of the proposed constraints on the cognitive, affective, psychomotor and physical-physiological domains was analysed. The results show the existence of low internal validity, with few studies analysing the effect of the constraints on the cognitive and affective domains. Regarding the effect of constraints on players' domains, it was found that experience influences the players' decision making and the modification on the feedback provided to the players influences their technical-tactical and physical-physiological behaviours. Study 2: The aims of the study were: a) to analyse the effect of regulatory modifications during competition in U-10 football players on kinematic aspects and b) to evaluate the effect of maturational stage on the kinematic behaviours of U-10 players during competition with federated regulations and with modified regulations. A quasi-experimental study was conducted in which 52 subjects from 4 teams of the FFRM participated. The final sample consisted of 45 players due to the fact that goalkeepers were not analysed and due to experimental abandonment. These players had an average age of 9.47 ± 0.542 years. The maturational stage of the players was calculated. The independent variable was the regulatory modification in competition. The dependent variables analysed were related to kinematic aspects. The information analysed was collected through the WimuTM device. Since no transition points were found for the kinematic variables in U-10 players, a two-stage cluster analysis was performed. The results reflect that the modified tournament reduces the physical demands. Similarly, it was found that maturational age moderates the effect of the intervention on total distance covered, distance accelerating in zone 3 and distance decelerating in zone 3. Study 3: The purpose of this study was to analyse the intensity of play evaluated by means of heart rate in football competition, RFEF Tournament versus Modified Tournament in U-10 players. For this purpose, a quasi-experimental study of the A-B type was developed, where A was a tournament with the standard FFRM regulations and B was a tournament with the modified regulations. The study involved 45 players with a mean age of 9.47±0.54. The dependent variable analysed was heart rate in different intensity ranges. The information was collected by using Garmin heart rate bands. These bands transmitted the information to the WimuTM device with a recording frequency of 4Hz. The WimuTM device stored the information. The data was extracted and processed using SPRO software. The effects of the modified regulation in competition on heart rate during effective playing time and differentiating between positional attack and counter-attack were analysed. The results showed that the modified situation reduces the time players spend in zones of maximum intensity during effective playing time. On the other hand, no clear effects were found in the positional attack and counter-attack situations